Table 5.
Analysis of risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients with DCM
| Variable | POD (-) (n = 124) | POD (+) (n = 24) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.503 | ||
| Male | 79 (63.7) | 17 (70.8) | |
| Female | 45 (36.2) | 7 (29.1) | |
| Age (yr) | 73.2 ± 10.2 | 65.7 ± 7.66 | 0.000* |
| Smoking | 22 (17.7) | 5 (20.8) | 0.720 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 41 (33.0) | 6 (25) | 0.437 |
| Pulmonary disease | 9 (7.25) | 1 (4.16) | 0.581 |
| Endocrinal disease | 30 (24.1) | 8 (33.3) | 0.348 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 27 (21.7) | 7 (29.1) | 0.431 |
| Renal disease | 4 (3.22) | 2 (8.33) | 0.246 |
| Neurologic disease | 12 (9.67) | 7 (29.1) | 0.009* |
| Dementia | 0 (0) | 2 (8.33) | 0.001* |
| Parkinson disease | 1 (0.80) | 3 (12.5) | 0.001* |
| Liver disease | 5 (4.03) | 1 (4.16) | 0.976 |
| Hypertension | 52 (41.9) | 13 (54.1) | 0.269 |
| Stroke | 3 (2.41) | 3 (12.5) | 0.022* |
| MDD | 6 (4.83) | 0 (0) | 0.271 |
| Osteoporosis | 5 (4.03) | 1 (4.16) | 0.976 |
| BMD score | -1.1 ± 1.74 | -0.7 ± 1.56 | 0.427 |
| Hemoglobin | 13.0 ± 1.97 | 13.7 ± 1.47 | 0.350 |
| Hematocrit | 36.5 ± 3.18 | 37.7 ± 3.91 | 0.201 |
| Sodium | 138. ± 4.78 | 140. ± 3.62 | 0.012* |
| Chloride | 102. ± 3.80 | 103. ± 3.15 | 0.077 |
| Potassium | 4.47 ± 0.54 | 4.28 ± 0.41 | 0.048* |
| Intraoperative hypotension | 5 (4.03) | 1 (4.16) | 0.976 |
| Height (cm) | 161.97 ± 8.50 | 160.90 ± 8.22 | 0.804 |
| Weight (kg) | 62.7 ± 13.0 | 65.1 ± 11.1 | 0.350 |
| Body mass index | 24.1 ± 3.99 | 24.8 ± 3.59 | 0.420 |
| ASA PS classification > II | 37 (29.8) | 15 (62.5) | 0.002* |
| Intraoperative blood loss (mL) | 787.5 ± 550.3 | 652.3 ± 368.4 | 0.134 |
| Blood transfusion | 22 (17.7) | 12 (50) | 0.001* |
| Transfusion volume (mL) | 363.3 ± 423.9 | 144.5 ± 383.5 | 0.013* |
| Postoperative opioid use | 17 (13.7) | 4 (16.6) | 0.704 |
| Postoperative NSAIDs use | 77 (62.0) | 16 (66.6) | 0.672 |
| Postoperative acetaminophen use | 50 (40.3) | 13 (54.1) | 0.209 |
| Postoperative other pain killer use | 58 (46.7) | 8 (33.3) | 0.225 |
| Postoperative complications | 19 (15.3) | 7 (29.1) | 0.103 |
| Duration of admission (day) | 18.3 ± 11.2 | 19.9 ± 11.1 | 0.580 |
| Duration of preoperative period (day) | 3.9 ± 7.2 | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 0.337 |
| Operation time (min) | 245.75 ± 89.98 | 240.83 ± 81.79 | 0.804 |
| ICU care | 19 (15.3) | 10 (41.6) | 0.003* |
| Duration of ICU care period (day) | 0.87 ± 2.04 | 0.67 ± 3.71 | 0.801 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.
DCM, degenerative cervical myelopathy; POD, postoperative delirium; MDD, manic depressive disorders; BMD, bone mineral density; ASA PS, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ICU, intensive care unit.
*
p < 0.05, statistically significant differences.