TABLE 2.

Few examples of genome editing techniques, engineering the C₄ plants for biofuels.

Crops	Targeted genes	Technique	Improved traits	Associated pathway	References
Sugarcane	COMT	Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs)	11–32% reduced lignin Increased hemicellulose contents	Methyltransferase cell wall	Jung and Altpeter, 2016
Sugarcane	COMT	RNAi	12% reduction in lignin and improved scarification by 32%	Cell wall	Jung et al., 2013
Switchgrass	Pv4CL1	CRISPR/Cas9	8–30% reduced lignin 7–11% and 23–32% increase in glucose and xylose release	Lignin synthesis pathways	Park et al., 2017
Sorghum	BIOMASS YIELD 1 BY1	CRISPR/Cas9	Displayed reduced plant height, narrow stems, erect and narrow leaves, and abnormal floral organs.	Shikimate pathway	Chen et al., 2020