Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies on barriers and facilitators for interventions in physical activity in the community environment of primary health care (n = 16).

1st Author	Year	Country	Method/Data source	Number of professionals	Profile professionals	Characteristics of the physical activity intervention	Reports according to the TDF domains
							Barriers	Facilitator
Long (Long et al., 1996)	1996	USA	Quantitative/ Questionnaires, structured interviews, and telephone structured interviews	28	Physicians, Nurses, and Office Coordinator	PACE promotes the adoption and maintenance of PA in adults through brief counseling in primary care.	Knowledge Skills Memory, attention, and decision making	Organizational culture and climate Funding or costs Beliefs about consequences
Weiner (Weiner et al., 2011)	2011	USA	Qualitative/ Semi structured interview by telephone	68	Coordinator, Physician Champion, Facility Manager, supporters (dietetics, primary care, physical activity, and behavioral health), and Opinion Leader	MOVE! is a weight management, health promotion program designed to improve the lives of veterans- encouraging healthy eating behavior, increasing PA, and promoting even small weight losses.	Organizational culture and climate Management support	Organizational culture and climate
Helmink (Helmink et al., 2012)	2012	Netherlands	Qualitative/ Focus group and interviews	36	General practitioners; Physiotherapists, Nurses, and Dieticians	Evidence and practice-based intervention focusing on both dietary behavior and PA. 12-month intervention is to guide participants in achieving a sustained healthy lifestyle.	Organizational culture and climate Knowledge	Funding or costs Person × environment interaction Skills Social/professional role and identity Pessimism or optimism
Vermunt (Vermunt et al., 2012)	2012	Netherlands	Quantitative/Questionnaire assessed with open questions	72	Nurse practitioners	APHRODITE: individual lifestyle counseling and group consultations.	Organizational culture and climate Pessimism or optimism Reinforcement	NR
Blonstein (Blonstein et al., 2013)	2013	USA	Qualitative/Not informed	2	Dietitian and Exercise Specialist	The E-LITE trial was designed to compare a GLB in-person group intervention and a GLB DVD self-directed intervention with usual care.	Technical resources	Technical resources
Middleton (Middleton et al., 2014)	2014	UK	Qualitative/ Focus group and interviews	28	Senior health officials, public health workers, and community members	NHS Care Trust obesity prevention program interventions, changing nutrition and PA behaviors in the local community (all ages - schools, children’s centers, worksites and leisure, health and community centers).	Person × environment interaction	NR
Beighton (Beighton et al., 2015)	2015	UK	Qualitative/ Semi structured interviews	11	Nurses	PACE-Lift (3 month/4 consultations) and PACE-UP (12 month/support handbook, diary, and practice nurse PA consultations will use BCTs.	Technical resources Knowledge Skills Beliefs about capabilities	Organizational culture and climate Pessimism or optimism
Berendsen (Berendsen et al., 2015)	2015	Netherlands	Quantitative- qualitative/Semi-structured interviews and questionnaire	25	Physiotherapists, Dieticians, and Nurses	The ‘BeweegKuur’ is a one-year intervention developed by the NISB and aims at adopting a sustained healthy lifestyle.	Organizational culture and climate Knowledge Skills Social/professional role and identity Beliefs about consequences	Organizational culture and climate Funding or costs Human resources Skills Social influences
Plaete (Plaete et al., 2015)	2015	Belgium	Qualitative/ Focus group	62	Not identified	The eHealth program was based on goal setting and self-regulation principles to increase the autonomy of patients to change their behavior.	Material resources Social/professional role and identity Beliefs about capacities	Material resources Social/professional role and identity Beliefs about consequences
Wozniak (Wozniak et al., 2015)	2015	Canada	Qualitative/ Interviews, systematic documentation, and research team observations and reflection meetings	10	Executive directors or chronic-disease managers, and program facilitator	The aim of HEALD, intervention pedometer-based, was to increase the PA (i.e., walking) in phase 1 and the intensity of PA (i.e., brisk walking) in phase 2 by the patients.	NR	Human resources Physical resources Knowledge Beliefs about consequences
Jayaprakash (Jayaprakash et al., 2016)	2016	South Asian	Qualitative/Focus group and interviews	5	Staff and Community-based organization	SAHELI was a 16-week lifestyle intervention that included group classes, experiential activities, behavior change counseling, and telephone support.	Organizational culture and climate Skills	Social influences
Laws (Laws et al., 2016)	2016	Austrália	Qualitative/Focus group and interviews	28	Research staff; policy-makers; implementers (program coordinators, program facilitators, and local stakeholders)	An obesity prevention program for parents with infants aged 3–18 months. This included a facilitator manual, a parent handbook, a program website (https://www.infantprogram.org), and program implementation guide. InFANT Program research staff developed and delivered a one-day training program to facilitators.	Funding or costs Human resources Critical events or incidents Knowledge Social/professional role and identity	Organizational culture and climate Funding or costs Human resources Management support Social/professional role and identity Beliefs about capabilities Goals
Costa-Pinel (Costa-Pinel et al., 2018)	2018	Spain	Qualitative/ Focus group and interviews	305	Coordinators, program facilitators, and supporters (endocrinologist, epidemiologist, dietitian, health technicians, nurses, general practitioners and resource managers)	DE-PLAN-CAT, the 2-year lifestyle intervention, included a 9-hour basic module (6 sessions) and a subsequent 15-hour.	Beliefs about consequences	NR
Gustavsson (Gustavsson et al., 2018)	2018	Sweden	Qualitative/ Interviews	18	Managers of health care centers, local coordinators, managers, and three health promotion coordinators in the central administration of the health care organizations, Physicians, Nurses, and Physiotherapists	SPAP, launched in Swedish health care to promote PA to prevent and treat lifestyle-related health disorders.	Organizational culture and climate Funding or costs Material resources Skills Beliefs about capabilities Pessimism or optimism	Management support Knowledge Skills Social influences
Belizan (Belizan et al., 2019)	2019	Argentina	Qualitative/ Interviews	44	Healthy Municipalities and Communities Program, Provincial Referents (coordinate activities), Local Referents (stakeholders responsible for the implementation), and Municipal Authorities (secretary of public health)	The HMCP ‘enabling and empowering people to take control over and improve the determinants of health’.	Technical resources Funding or costs Human resources Material resources Management support Person × environment interaction Knowledge Social influences	Organizational culture and climate Technical resources Management support Skills Pessimism or optimism Social influences
Simmavong (Simmavong et al., 2019)	2019	Canada	Qualitative/ Interviews	43	Knowledge Broker, coach, Key Stakeholder, and Participant	HealtheSteps program = an 8-month lifestyle prescription program focused on three modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes: sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, and unhealthy eating.	Organizational culture and climate Technical resources	Organizational culture and climate Beliefs about consequences

Abbreviations: [PA]: physical activity; [PACE]: Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise; [MOVE]: Evidence-based Weight-management Program; [APHRODITE]: Active Prevention in High Risk individuals of Diabetes Type 2 in and around Eindhoven; [NHS]: National Health Service; [E-LITE]: Evaluation of Lifestyle Interventions to Treat Elevated Cardiometabolic Risk in Primary Care; [GLB]: Group Lifestyle Balance™ program; [PACE-Lift]: Pedometer Accelerometer Consultation Evaluation – Lift; [PACE-UP]: Pedometer Accelerometer Consultation Evaluation – UP; [BCTs]: Behavior Change Techniques; [NISB]: Netherlands Institute for Sport and Physical Activity; [HEALD]: Healthy Eating and Active Living for Diabetes in Primary Care Networks; [SAHELI]:South Asian Heart Lifestyle Intervention; [InFANT Program]: Community-wide Implementation of the Melbourne Infant, Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial; [DE-PLAN-CAT project]: Diabetes in Europe–Prevention using lifestyle, PA and nutritional intervention–Catalonia; [SPAP]: Swedish Physical Activity on Prescription; [HMCP]: Healthy Municipalities and Communities Program; NR: not reported.