Table 2.
Characteristics of Peruvian women aged 15 to 49 years and their children aged 24 to 59 months according to the presence of depression in the mothers and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
| Characteristic | PHQ-9 0–9 (n = 4465) | PHQ-9 10–14 (n = 178) | PHQ_9 15–27 (n = 95) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 94.0 (93.0–94.9) | 3.8 (3.1–4.6) | 2.2 (1.6–3.0) | |
| Age of the mother (years) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 31.8 (6.8) | 30.6 (6.3) | 32.1 (7.3) | 0.173 |
| Level of education | ||||
| No education/ Elementary | 94.1 (91.8–95.8) | 3.7 (2.5–5.4) | 2.2 (1.2–4.2) | <0.001 |
| High school | 92.2 (90.4–93.7) | 5.4 (4.2–7.0) | 2.4 (1.6–3.5) | |
| College | 96.2 (94.9–97.2) | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | |
| Marital status of the mother | ||||
| Single | 92.6 (86.0–96.2) | 3.3 (1.3–8.0) | 4.1 (1.5–10.6) | <0.001 |
| Cohabitation with partner | 95.1 (94.0–96.0) | 3.3 (2.6–4.2) | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 88.3 (84.6–91.1) | 6.6 (4.7–9.4) | 5.1 (3.2–8.1) | |
| Ethnic self-identification | ||||
| Non native | 93.9 (92.8–94.9) | 3.9 (3.2–4.7) | 2.2 (1.6–3.0) | 0.625 |
| Native | 95.2 (92.3–97.0) | 2.8 (1.5–5.2) | 2.1 (1.0–4.4) | |
| Sex of the child | ||||
| Female | 94.4 (92.7–95.6) | 3.2 (2.4–4.3) | 2.4 (1.5–3.9) | 0.329 |
| Male | 93.7 (92.2–94.9) | 4.3 (3.3–5.7) | 2.0 (1.4–2.8) | |
| Age of the child (months) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 40.7 (10.5) | 40.9 (10.2) | 39.7 (9.8) | 0.792 |
| Undernutrition of the child | ||||
| No | 94.0 (92.9–94.9) | 3.9 (3.2–4.8) | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) | 0.164 |
| Yes | 94.2 (90.7–96.4) | 2.6 (1.6–4.2) | 3.3 (1.5–6.9) | |
| Hemoglobin level of the minor (g/dL) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 12.3 (1.3) | 12.4 (1.3) | 12.0 (1.2) | 0.190 |
| Breastfeeding time (months) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 19.7 (9.0) | 20.3 (10.6) | 18.5 (11.5) | 0.645 |
| Desired pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 95.9 (94.6–96.9) | 2.7 (1.9–3.8) | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | <0.001 |
| No | 92.2 (90.7–93.5) | 4.8 (3.8–6.1) | 3.0 (2.2–4.0) | |
| Adequate prenatal control | ||||
| No | 93.7 (91.8–95.2) | 4.4 (3.2–5.9) | 1.9 (1.1–3.2) | 0.568 |
| Yes | 94.1 (92.8–95.2) | 3.6 (2.8–4.6) | 2.3 (1.6–3.3) | |
| Birth order number | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.3 (1.4) | 2.4 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.3) | 0.284 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Quintile 1 (richest) | 95.7 (92.2–97.7) | 2.4 (0.9–5.8) | 1.9 (0.8–4.3) | 0.631 |
| Quintile 2 | 92.9 (89.3–95.3) | 4.6 (2.8–7.4) | 2.6 (1.1–5.7) | |
| Quintile 3 | 93.6 (91.4–95.3) | 4.0 (2.7–6.0) | 2.4 (1.5–3.8) | |
| Quintile 4 | 92.9 (90.8–94.7) | 4.6 (3.3–6.4) | 2.4 (1.4–4.0) | |
| Quintile 5 (poorest) | 95.3 (93.7–96.5) | 3.0 (2.0–4.3) | 1.7 (1.0–2.8) | |
| Area of residence | ||||
| Urban | 93.7 (92.3–94.8) | 4.0 (3.2–5.0) | 2.3 (1.6–3.4) | 0.411 |
| Rural | 95.0 (93.4–96.2) | 3.2 (2.3–4.6) | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | |
| Natural region | ||||
| Jungle | 95.1 (93.4–96.4) | 3.6 (2.6–5.0) | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 0.496 |
| Highlands | 93.8 (92.3–95.0) | 4.0 (3.1–5.3) | 2.2 (1.5–3.1) | |
| Coast | 93.8 (91.9–95.2) | 3.7 (2.7–5.1) | 2.5 (1.6–4.0) | |
The weighting factor and sample specifications of the 2019 ENDES were included.
* P-value was calculated using the Chi-square test with Rao-Scott correction for categorical variables and Student’s t for continuous variables.
PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; SD: standard deviation.