Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the total study population and patients with and without the composite of all-cause mortality, HFH, and worsening HF symptoms requiring unplanned outpatient intensification of decongestive therapy.
| All (n = 173) | With the primary outcome (n = 28) | Without the primary outcome (n = 145) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61 ± 11 | 63 ± 13 | 61 ± 10 | 0.33 |
| Male sex | 145 (84) | 22 (79) | 123 (84) | 0.41 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24 ± 3 | 24 ± 3 | 24 ± 3 | 0.74 |
| Non-PAF | 107 (62) | 14 (50) | 93 (64) | 0.16 |
| History of AF (months) | 60 [23–120] | 11 [3–69] | 24 [6–60] | 0.29 |
| ATA recurrence | 85 (49) | 19 (68) | 66 (46) | 0.03 |
| Total sessions | 1 [1], [2] | 2 [1], [2] | 1 [1], [2] | 0.05 |
| Hypertension | 85 (49) | 12 (43) | 73 (50) | 0.47 |
| Diabetes | 27 (16) | 5 (18) | 22 (15) | 0.72 |
| Stroke | 16 (9) | 5 (18) | 11 (8) | 0.09 |
| Vascular disease | 12 (7) | 3 (11) | 9 (6) | 0.39 |
| CHADS2 score | 1 [1], [2] | 2 [1], [2], [3], [4] | 1 [1], [2] | 0.02 |
| NYHA functional status | <0.0001 | |||
| Ⅰ | 80 (46) | 3 (11) | 77 (53) | |
| Ⅱ | 83 (48) | 20 (71) | 63 (43) | |
| III | 8 (5) | 5 (18) | 3 (2) | |
| Ⅳ | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | |
| Known SHD | 68 (39) | 18 (64) | 50 (34) | 0.003 |
| Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy | 32 (19) | 9 (32) | 23 (16) | |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 22 (13) | 6 (21) | 16 (11) | |
| Valvular heart disease | 10 (6) | 2 (7) | 8 (6) | |
| Congenital heart disease | 8 (5) | 2 (7) | 6 (4) | |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 8 (5) | 3 (11) | 5 (3) | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.94 [0.83–1.12] | 1.00 [0.86–1.20] | 0.94 [0.83–1.11] | 0.21 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 61 ± 16 | 55 ± 17 | 62 ± 15 | 0.03 |
| CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88 (51) | 18 (64) | 70 (48) | 0.12 |
| Medication at baseline | ||||
| Warfarin | 80 (46) | 18 (64) | 62 (43) | 0.04 |
| DOAC | 93 (54) | 10 (36) | 83 (57) | 0.04 |
| β blocker | 120 (69) | 23 (82) | 97 (67) | 0.11 |
| ACE-I/ARB | 100 (58) | 23 (82) | 77 (53) | 0.004 |
| ARNI | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 |
| MCR antagonist | 46 (27) | 15 (54) | 31 (21) | 0.0004 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitor | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0.66 |
| Pre-AAD | 82 (47) | 17 (61) | 65 (45) | 0.12 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| HR during echocardiography | 77 [62–92] | 70 [61–89] | 79 [63–94] | 0.27 |
| ATA tachycardia during echocardiography | 25 (14) | 5 (18) | 20 (14) | 0.58 |
| LVEF (%) | 43 [35–48] | 40 [31–46] | 44 [37–48] | 0.02 |
| LVEDV (mL) | 142 [116–167] | 138 [120–185] | 143 [115–166] | 0.33 |
| LVESV (mL) | 79 [63–102] | 81 [67–129] | 79 [62–98] | 0.23 |
| LVEDVI (mL/m2) | 79 [54–100] | 84 [69–139] | 79 [66–107] | 0.10 |
| LVESVI (mL/m2) | 45 [35–57] | 50 [38–69] | 44 [35–55] | 0.07 |
| Pre-rEF | 62 (35) | 14 (50) | 47 (32) | 0.07 |
| LAV (mL) | 81 ± 26 | 90 ± 28 | 79 ± 25 | 0.03 |
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 46 ± 15 | 52 ± 17 | 45 ± 14 | 0.03 |
| Peak E-wave velocity (cm/s) | 75 [60–88] | 65 [55–98] | 76 [61–87] | 0.37 |
| Septal e′ peak velocity (cm/s) | 7.2 [5.2–8.7] | 4.9 [3.7–6.5] | 7.4 [5.4–9.0] | 0.0008 |
| Septal E/e′ | 10.3 [8.1–14.2] | 13.8 [9.37–20.2] | 10.1 [8.05–12.9] | 0.02 |
| Peak TRV (m/s) | 2.2 [2.0–2.5] | 2.5 [2.1–2.8] | 2.2 [2.0–2.5] | 0.02 |
| DT (ms) | 162 [127–204] | 167 [124–232] | 161 [129–201] | 0.41 |
| MR ≥ moderate | 10 (6) | 2 (7) | 8 (6) | 0.74 |
| Primary MR ≥ moderate | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Atrial functional MR ≥ moderate | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Ventricular functional MR ≥ moderate | 10 (0) | 2 (7) | 8 (6) | 0.74 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, n (%), or median [interquartile range].
Xxxx ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; ATA, atrial tachyarrhythmia; ATA tachycardia, atrial tachyarrhythmia with heart rate ≥ 100 bpm; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; DT, deceleration time; E, early diastolic left ventricular filling velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFH, heart failure hospitalization; HR, hear rate; LAV, left atrial volume; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEDVI, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVESVI, left ventricular end-systolic volume index; MCR, mineralocorticoid receptor; MR, mitral valve regurgitation; Non-PAF, non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (meaning persistent atrial fibrillation or long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation); NYHA, New York Heart Association; PAF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; peak TRV, peak tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity; Pre-AAD, oral administration of antiarrhythmic drug before the procedure; Pre-rEF, Pre-ablation reduced ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%); Septal e′ peak velocity, septal early diastolic mitral annular velocity; SGLT-2, sodium glucose cotransporter 2; SHD, structural heart disease.