Table 4.
Association between baseline residential property values and built environment characteristics with BMI (kg/m2) at 1 and 2 years from baseline (n = 819).
| Characteristic | 1 year |
2 years |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (95% CI) | P-value | Mean | (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Overall | 0.10 | (-0.01, 0.20) | – | 0.29 | (0.16, 0.43) | – |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Residential property value, parcel level | ||||||
| Tertile 1: $10,889 to $130,644 | 0.19 | (0.00, 0.37) | – | 0.43 | (0.17, 0.70) | – |
| Tertile 2: $133,974 to $295,000 | 0.06 | (-0.12, 0.24) | 0.342 | 0.38 | (0.13, 0.62) | 0.747 |
| Tertile 3: $300,300 to $1,492,000 | 0.05 | (-0.11, 0.20) | 0.264 | 0.08 | (-0.11, 0.26) | 0.031 |
| Built environment | ||||||
| Residential density, 800 m buffer | ||||||
| Tertile 1: 0.01 to 3.74 | 0.26 | (0.06, 0.45) | – | 0.48 | (0.23, 0.73) | – |
| Tertile 2: 3.74 to 9.01 | 0.05 | (-0.12, 0.21) | 0.099 | 0.17 | (-0.06, 0.39) | 0.068 |
| Tertile 3: 9.05 to 104.86 | −0.01 | (-0.18, 0.15) | 0.038 | 0.23 | (0.02, 0.45) | 0.141 |
| Road intersection density, 800 m buffer | ||||||
| Tertile 1: 0.00 to 0.35 | 0.37 | (0.18, 0.56) | – | 0.46 | (0.22, 0.71) | – |
| Tertile 2: 0.35 to 0.57 | −0.01 | (-0.18, 0.16) | 0.004 | 0.25 | (0.02, 0.48) | 0.217 |
| Tertile 3: 0.57 to 1.12 | −0.07 | (0.23, 0.09) | <0.001 | 0.17 | (-0.05, 0.38) | 0.076 |
| Fast-food restaurant availability, 1600 m buffer | ||||||
| 0 | 0.26 | (0.02, 0.50) | – | 0.43 | (0.14, 0.72) | – |
| 1-3 | 0.19 | (0.00, 0.38) | 0.651 | 0.50 | (0.25, 0.75) | 0.704 |
| 4+ | −0.03 | (-0.17, 0.10) | 0.037 | 0.11 | (-0.08, 0.29) | 0.070 |
| Supermarket availability, 1600 m buffer | ||||||
| 0 | 0.21 | (0.01, 0.40) | – | 0.44 | (0.19, 0.70) | – |
| 1+ | 0.04 | (-0.08, 0.16) | 0.146 | 0.22 | (0.06, 0.37) | 0.135 |
BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval.
Note: All estimates represent the change in weight or BMI comparing 1-year or 2-year follow-up to baseline. All densities calculated as units per hectare. Residential unit and road intersection densities based on Euclidean distance. Fast-food restaurant and supermarket counts based on network-based buffer. Buffers of 800 m correspond, approximately, to 10-min walkable distance while buffers of 1600 m correspond to a 20-min walkable distance. Separate linear mixed models with the outcome percent weight change at 1 and 2 years from baseline for each built environment characteristic adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, home ownership, and county of residence.
P-values test for differences between the 2nd or 3rd tertile compared to the 1st for density measures, 1–3 or 4+ fast-food restaurants versus 0 for fast-food restaurant availability, and 1+ versus 0 for supermarket availability.