Table 3. Associations of Maternal PGS for ADHD, Autism, and Schizophrenia With Exposures by Timing of Exposurea.
| Characteristic | No. | ADHD PGS | Autism PGS | Schizophrenia PGS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Cigarette smoking | |||||||
| Ever | 14 252 | 1.20 (1.16-1.24) | 4.00 × 10−28 | 1.02 (0.98-1.05) | .35 | 1.07 (1.04-1.11) | 2.61 × 10−5 |
| During pregnancy | 14 505 | 1.26 (1.19-1.33) | 2.29 × 10−14 | 0.99 (0.94-1.05) | .78 | 1.12 (1.06-1.19) | 1.10 × 10−4 |
| Trimester 1 | 12 984 | 1.26 (1.19-1.34) | 2.43 × 10−13 | 0.99 (0.93-1.06) | .86 | 1.11 (1.04-1.18) | .001 |
| Trimester 2 | 13 768 | 1.33 (1.24-1.43) | 6.36 × 10−16 | 1.01 (0.94-1.08) | .76 | 1.09 (1.02-1.17) | .01 |
| Trimester 3 | 12 700 | 1.28 (1.19-1.38) | 7.36 × 10−11 | 1.00 (0.93-1.08) | .95 | 1.03 (0.96-1.11) | .43 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||
| Ever | 14 182 | 1.19 (1.08-1.31) | 2.93 × 10−4 | 1.07 (0.97-1.18) | .15 | 1.10 (1.00-1.21) | .048 |
| During pregnancy | 14 505 | 0.96 (0.92-0.99) | .01 | 1.04 (1.01-1.08) | .02 | 1.03 (1.00-1.07) | .09 |
| Trimester 1 | 14 495 | 0.95 (0.92-0.99) | .006 | 1.05 (1.02-1.09) | .004 | 1.03 (1.00-1.07) | .07 |
| Trimester 2 | 13 881 | 0.99 (0.93-1.05) | .67 | 1.07 (1.01-1.14) | .02 | 1.00 (0.94-1.06) | >.99 |
| Trimester 3 | 13 105 | 0.96 (0.91-1.01) | .09 | 1.06 (1.00-1.11) | .04 | 1.02 (0.96-1.07) | .58 |
| High blood pressure | |||||||
| Before pregnancy | 13 664 | 1.02 (0.97-1.07) | .48 | 1.06 (1.01-1.12) | .02 | 1.02 (0.97-1.08) | .39 |
| During pregnancy (including preeclampsia) | 14 539 | 1.00 (0.96-1.05) | .92 | 0.99 (0.94-1.04) | .69 | 1.00 (0.96-1.05) | .93 |
| Trimester 1 | 14 493 | 1.01 (0.85-1.20) | .92 | 1.07 (0.90-1.26) | .47 | 1.02 (0.86-1.22) | .80 |
| Trimester 2 | 13 498 | 1.06 (0.98-1.14) | .17 | 0.96 (0.88-1.04) | .27 | 0.98 (0.91-1.06) | .68 |
| Trimester 3 | 13 105 | 0.99 (0.94-1.04) | .68 | 1.00 (0.95-1.05) | .93 | 1.02 (0.97-1.08) | .44 |
| Vaginal bleeding | |||||||
| During pregnancy | 14 539 | 1.25 (0.85-1.83) | .26 | 0.84 (0.57-1.24) | .38 | 1.18 (0.80-1.73) | .41 |
| Trimester 1 | 14 539 | 1.06 (0.97-1.16) | .21 | 1.00 (0.92-1.10) | .94 | 1.00 (0.92-1.10) | .94 |
| Trimester 2 | 14 539 | 1.05 (0.91-1.21) | .51 | 1.10 (0.95-1.26) | .19 | 1.06 (0.92-1.23) | .40 |
| Trimester 3 | 14 539 | 0.93 (0.77-1.11) | .43 | 1.04 (0.86-1.24) | .71 | 0.96 (0.80-1.16) | .70 |
| Urinary tract infections | |||||||
| Before pregnancy | 14 493 | 1.01 (0.98-1.05) | .50 | 1.01 (0.97-1.05) | .61 | 1.02 (0.98-1.06) | .30 |
| During pregnancy | 14 505 | 1.06 (1.01-1.12) | .02 | 1.08 (1.02-1.14) | .005 | 1.06 (1.00-1.12) | .053 |
| Trimester 1 | 14 493 | 1.04 (0.97-1.11) | .29 | 1.08 (1.01-1.15) | .03 | 1.03 (0.96-1.10) | .39 |
| Trimester 2 | 13 881 | 1.09 (1.01-1.18) | .03 | 1.12 (1.04-1.21) | .004 | 1.09 (1.01-1.18) | .03 |
| Trimester 3 | 13 881 | 1.05 (0.88-1.24) | .61 | 1.07 (0.90-1.27) | .44 | 1.15 (0.96-1.37) | .12 |
| Fever | |||||||
| During pregnancy | 14 505 | 1.03 (0.98-1.07) | .28 | 0.99 (0.95-1.04) | .68 | 1.03 (0.98-1.07) | .26 |
| Trimester 1 | 14 493 | 1.03 (0.94-1.14) | .50 | 1.04 (0.94-1.14) | .48 | 1.11 (1.00-1.22) | .04 |
| Trimester 2 | 14 503 | 1.02 (0.97-1.07) | .54 | 1.00 (0.95-1.05) | .87 | 1.01 (0.96-1.06) | .69 |
| Trimester 3 | 13 128 | 1.12 (1.01-1.25) | .04 | 0.98 (0.88-1.09) | .66 | 1.04 (0.93-1.16) | .50 |
| Pain | |||||||
| During pregnancy | 14 503 | 1.05 (1.02-1.09) | .004 | 1.01 (0.97-1.05) | .58 | 1.02 (0.99-1.06) | .19 |
| Trimester 1 | 14 493 | 1.06 (1.02-1.09) | .001 | 1.03 (0.99-1.06) | .11 | 1.01 (0.98-1.05) | .55 |
| Trimester 2 | 14 503 | 0.91 (0.82-1.00) | .053 | 1.01 (0.91-1.11) | .91 | 0.99 (0.90-1.10) | .90 |
| Trimester 3 | 13 881 | 1.03 (1.00-1.07) | .07 | 1.01 (0.97-1.04) | .73 | 1.03 (1.00-1.07) | .07 |
| Migraine | |||||||
| Ever | 14 493 | 1.08 (1.03-1.14) | .004 | 1.05 (1.00-1.11) | .055 | 0.99 (0.94-1.04) | .65 |
| Before pregnancy | 14 539 | 1.08 (1.02-1.13) | .007 | 1.05 (1.00-1.11) | .06 | 0.97 (0.92-1.03) | .34 |
| During pregnancy | 14 539 | 1.12 (1.04-1.20) | .002 | 1.10 (1.02-1.18) | .009 | 0.98 (0.92-1.06) | .68 |
| Depression/anxiety symptoms | |||||||
| During pregnancy | 14 503 | 1.15 (1.09-1.22) | 5.48 × 10−7 | 1.13 (1.06-1.19) | 3.62 × 10−5 | 1.13 (1.07-1.20) | 1.71 × 10−5 |
| Trimester 1 | 14 392 | 1.15 (1.08-1.22) | 2.98 × 10−5 | 1.14 (1.07-1.21) | 9.10 × 10−5 | 1.12 (1.05-1.20) | 4.22 × 10−4 |
| Trimester 2-3 | 13 826 | 1.15 (1.06-1.24) | 8.29 × 10−4 | 1.13 (1.04-1.23) | .002 | 1.12 (1.03-1.22) | .006 |
| Depression medication | |||||||
| During pregnancy | 14 503 | 1.17 (0.99-1.38) | .06 | 1.03 (0.87-.21) | .72 | 1.43 (1.21-1.69) | 2.76 × 10−5 |
| Trimester 1 | 14 493 | 1.16 (0.97-1.39) | .11 | 1.04 (0.87-1.25) | .65 | 1.46 (1.21-1.75) | 6.47 × 10−5 |
| Trimester 2 | 14 503 | 1.32 (1.04-1.66) | .02 | 1.00 (0.79-1.26) | .995 | 1.32 (1.04-1.68) | .02 |
| Paracetamol use | |||||||
| During pregnancy | 14 503 | 1.03 (1.00-1.07) | .04 | 1.02 (0.98-1.05) | .31 | 0.99 (0.95-1.02) | .41 |
| Trimester 1-2 | 14 493 | 1.03 (0.99-1.06) | .11 | 1.01 (0.98-1.05) | .41 | 0.98 (0.95-1.01) | .24 |
| Trimester 2-3 | 13 881 | 1.03 (0.99-1.07) | .19 | 1.00 (0.96-1.04) | .91 | 1.00 (0.96-1.04) | .91 |
| Ibuprofen use | |||||||
| During pregnancy | 14 503 | 0.99 (0.93-1.05) | .81 | 1.06 (1.00-1.12) | .07 | 0.95 (0.89-1.01) | .08 |
| Trimester 1-2 | 14 493 | 0.99 (0.93-1.06) | .85 | 1.07 (1.00-1.13) | .04 | 0.96 (0.90-1.02) | .17 |
| Trimester 2-3 | 13 881 | 0.94 (0.78-1.13) | .51 | 0.85 (0.70-1.02) | .09 | 0.87 (0.72-1.06) | .17 |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; OR, odds ratio; PGS, polygenic scores.
a
Multiple testing corrected P < .002. Trimesters were defined as 0-12 weeks, first trimester; 13-28 weeks, second trimester; and ≥29 weeks, third trimester.