Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for the baseline estimation model
| Full sample | Institutional delivery | Home delivery | ||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Panel A. Outcome variables | ||||||
| 7-day death | 0.026 | 0.159 | 0.024 | 0.155 | 0.029 | 0.168 |
| 28-day death | 0.031 | 0.173 | 0.029 | 0.168 | 0.036 | 0.186 |
| Postpartum complication (bleeding) | 0.188 | 0.391 | 0.193 | 0.395 | 0.174 | 0.379 |
| Postpartum complication (fever) | 0.161 | 0.368 | 0.157 | 0.363 | 0.173 | 0.378 |
| Panel B. Place of delivery | ||||||
| Institutional delivery | 0.712 | 0.453 | – | – | – | – |
| Delivered in public hospitals | 0.212 | 0.409 | – | – | – | – |
| Delivered in other public health facility | 0.341 | 0.474 | – | – | – | – |
| Delivered in private hospitals | 0.152 | 0.359 | – | – | – | – |
| Panel C. Birth attendant | ||||||
| Delivered with a skilled attendant | 0.742 | 0.438 | 0.974 | 0.161 | 0.168 | 0.374 |
| Delivered with a doctor attendant | 0.634 | 0.482 | 0.958 | 0.201 | 0.076 | 0.265 |
| Delivered with a nurse attendant | 0.532 | 0.499 | 0.933 | 0.249 | 0.108 | 0.310 |
| Panel D. Neonate’s characteristics | ||||||
| Multiple birth | 0.016 | 0.126 | 0.017 | 0.130 | 0.013 | 0.114 |
| Male | 0.519 | 0.500 | 0.524 | 0.499 | 0.506 | 0.500 |
| First birth | 0.347 | 0.476 | 0.403 | 0.490 | 0.210 | 0.408 |
| Delivery order | 2.390 | 1.570 | 2.140 | 1.380 | 3.000 | 1.820 |
| Born smaller than average | 0.124 | 0.329 | 0.120 | 0.326 | 0.131 | 0.337 |
| Panel E. Mother’s characteristics | ||||||
| Age at delivery | 24.500 | 5.090 | 24.100 | 4.780 | 25.500 | 5.670 |
| Younger than 20 | 0.217 | 0.412 | 0.231 | 0.422 | 0.183 | 0.387 |
| 21–25 | 0.431 | 0.495 | 0.446 | 0.497 | 0.393 | 0.488 |
| 26–30 | 0.225 | 0.418 | 0.219 | 0.413 | 0.242 | 0.428 |
| 31–35 | 0.089 | 0.284 | 0.077 | 0.266 | 0.117 | 0.322 |
| 36–40 | 0.029 | 0.168 | 0.022 | 0.146 | 0.047 | 0.212 |
| 41–45 | 0.009 | 0.092 | 0.005 | 0.072 | 0.017 | 0.129 |
| 46–49 | 0.001 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.021 | 0.001 | 0.035 |
| Education (years) | 5.270 | 4.870 | 6.110 | 4.920 | 3.200 | 4.060 |
| Illiterate | 0.371 | 0.483 | 0.302 | 0.459 | 0.542 | 0.498 |
| Primary | 0.156 | 0.363 | 0.147 | 0.355 | 0.178 | 0.383 |
| Secondary | 0.417 | 0.493 | 0.478 | 0.500 | 0.266 | 0.442 |
| Higher | 0.056 | 0.230 | 0.073 | 0.260 | 0.014 | 0.117 |
| Using modern contraceptive | 0.325 | 0.468 | 0.351 | 0.477 | 0.259 | 0.438 |
| Is insured | 0.140 | 0.347 | 0.146 | 0.353 | 0.123 | 0.328 |
| Smoke | 0.103 | 0.303 | 0.081 | 0.273 | 0.155 | 0.362 |
| BMI | 2087 | 454 | 2103 | 456 | 2046 | 447 |
| Had previous miscarriage | 0.061 | 0.239 | 0.065 | 0.247 | 0.050 | 0.218 |
| Had previous abortion | 0.025 | 0.155 | 0.027 | 0.163 | 0.018 | 0.132 |
| Had previous stillbirth | 0.009 | 0.096 | 0.009 | 0.095 | 0.010 | 0.097 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu | 0.756 | 0.430 | 0.800 | 0.400 | 0.647 | 0.478 |
| Muslim | 0.137 | 0.343 | 0.117 | 0.322 | 0.184 | 0.388 |
| Christian | 0.070 | 0.255 | 0.044 | 0.206 | 0.134 | 0.340 |
| Sikh | 0.015 | 0.122 | 0.019 | 0.138 | 0.004 | 0.066 |
| Buddhist/neo-Buddhist | 0.009 | 0.094 | 0.009 | 0.095 | 0.008 | 0.091 |
| Other | 0.014 | 0.116 | 0.010 | 0.100 | 0.022 | 0.148 |
| Belong to caste or tribe | ||||||
| Caste | 0.787 | 0.409 | 0.828 | 0.377 | 0.687 | 0.464 |
| Tribe | 0.170 | 0.375 | 0.129 | 0.335 | 0.270 | 0.444 |
| No caste/tribe | 0.043 | 0.203 | 0.430 | 0.203 | 0.403 | 0.203 |
| Panel F. Household characteristics | ||||||
| Wealth index | 2.290 | 1.229 | 2.502 | 1.259 | 1.768 | 0.969 |
| Has electricity | 0.804 | 0.397 | 0.850 | 0.357 | 0.690 | 0.463 |
| Panel G. Pregnancy health indicators | ||||||
| Convulsion during pregnancy | 0.182 | 0.386 | 0.180 | 0.384 | 0.186 | 0.389 |
| Swelling during pregnancy | 0.302 | 0.459 | 0.311 | 0.463 | 0.277 | 0.448 |
| Received supplementary nutrition | 0.807 | 0.395 | 0.823 | 0.382 | 0.749 | 0.433 |
| Panel H. Received pregnancy services | ||||||
| Received antenatal care | 0.538 | 0.499 | 0.607 | 0.488 | 0.368 | 0.482 |
| No of antenatal cares received | 3.224 | 8.606 | 3.808 | 9.003 | 1.775 | 7.267 |
| Received postnatal care | 0.345 | 0.476 | 0.377 | 0.485 | 0.257 | 0.437 |
| Panel I. Delivery health indicators | ||||||
| Prolonged delivery | 0.416 | 0.493 | 0.438 | 0.496 | 0.352 | 0.478 |
| Bleeding during delivery | 0.333 | 0.471 | 0.347 | 0.476 | 0.295 | 0.456 |
| Caesarean delivery | 0.103 | 0.304 | 0.145 | 0.352 | 0 | 0 |
| Observations: Neonates | 159 570 | 113 614 | 45 956 | |||
| Observations: Mothers | 109 303 | 80 578 | 28 725 | |||
Note: The DHS only collects data on maternal outcomes for the last birth but contains information on neonatal outcomes for all births from 2010 to 2016. The data in this table contain all DHS data that the delivery occurred in rural area and we were able to match it with OMMS 2001 Indian census.
BMI, body mass index; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; OMMS, online management and monitoring system.