Table 2.
Neonatal and maternal health outcomes, institutional delivery and road upgrade
| 7-day death | 28-day death | Postpartum complication (bleeding) | Postpartum complication (fever) | |
| Panel A. OLS (dependent variable: neonatal and maternal health outcomes) | ||||
| Institutional delivery | 0.0007 | −0.0005 | 0.0017 | 0.0064* |
| (0.0011) | (0.0012) | (0.0035) | (0.0033) | |
| Panel B. First stage (dependent variable: Institutional Delivery) | ||||
| Cum. perc. of treated pop. | 0.1261† | 0.1261† | 0.1084† | 0.1084† |
| (0.0270) | (0.0270) | (0.0275) | (0.0275) | |
| F-statistic | 22.1000 | 22.1000 | 15.9234 | 15.9234 |
| R-squared | 0.2522 | 0.2522 | 0.2588 | 0.2588 |
| Panel C. Reduced form (dependent variable: neonatal and maternal health outcomes) | ||||
| Cum. perc. of treated pop. | −0.0062 | −0.0045 | 0.0162 | −0.0261 |
| (0.0055) | (0.0061) | (0.0219) | (0.0191) | |
| Panel D. Second stage IV (dependent variable: neonatal and maternal health outcomes) | ||||
| Institutional delivery | −0.0494 | −0.0356 | 0.1492 | −0.2406 |
| (0.0456) | (0.0496) | (0.2044) | (0.1896) | |
| Observations | 159 570 | 159 570 | 109 303 | 109 303 |
| Mean fraction institutional delivery | 0.7121 | 0.7121 | 0.7378 | 0.7378 |
| Mean fraction health outcome | 0.0262 | 0.0314 | 0.1886 | 0.1612 |
Note: Each column in each panel lists estimates from separate regressions. All regressions control for month of birth, year of birth, town fixed effects, neonate characteristics (if the birth is a multiple birth, the sex of the neonate, if the birth is the birth and birth order), mother characteristics (age at delivery (categorical variable), education level (categorical variable), using modern contraceptives, being insured, smoking behaviour, BMI, having a previous miscarriage, abortion or stillbirth, religion, if the mother belongs to a caste and tribe), and household characteristics (wealth index, if the household has electricity). The F-statistic corresponds to a test of significance of the instrumental variable. The instrumental variable is the cumulative percentage of treated population (population that gained access to a paved road) in a town. Robust SEs clustered at the town level are shown in parentheses.
*Significant at the 10 percentage level.
†Significant at the 1 percentage level.
BMI, body mass index; OLS, ordinary least square.