Table 1.

Molecular target identified by treatment of intestinal organoids with current therapies for inflammatory bowel disease

Molecular target	Treatment effect	Drug	Species	Ref.
E-cadherin	Re-distribution of protein on intestinal surface restored correct permeability	5-aminosalycilic acid, azathioprine	Mouse (IL-10-/-)	[19]
Desmoglein-2	Restored physiological desmoglein-2 expression levels	5-aminosalycilic acid	Mouse (IL-10-/-)	[19]
UBD	Restored physiological UBD expression levels	Infliximab	Human (UC patients)	[88]
CLDN-2	Restored physiological CLDN-2 expression levels	Prednisolone, tofacitinib	Human (CD and CRC patients)	[89,92]
ZO-1	Re-distribution of protein on intestinal surface restored correct permeability	Tofacitinib	Human (CRC patients)	[92]

CD: Crohn's disease; CLDN-2: Claudin-2; CRC: Colorectal cancer; IL-10: Interleukin-10; UBD: Ubiquitin D; UC: Ulcerative colitis; ZO-1: Zonula occludens.