Table 4. Various Applications of Engineered SiO₂ Particles.

s. no.	materials used for surface modification	particle size	synthesis method	application	ref
1	PPG-P	30 nm	in situ polymerization	uniformly distributed the NPs in polyurethane matrix	(77)
2	APTES	68 nm	water-in-oil microemulsion method	mechanical strength, thermal stability, and gas permeability	(78)
3	MPTMS	32 nm	water-in-oil microemulsion method	enhancement in mechanical strength, thermal stability, and gas permeability	(78)
4	PTMS	34 nm	water-in-oil microemulsion method	enhancement in mechanical strength, thermal stability, and gas permeability	(78)
5	VTES	38 nm	water-in-oil microemulsion method	enhancement in mechanical strength, thermal stability, and gas permeability	(78)
6	5′-phosphorylated ssDNA	120 ± 5 nm	layer-by-layer electrostatic adsorption	capture and detection of single-stranded RNA	(79)