Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population and according to number of potentially inappropriate prescription below or above median
| Variable | All n= 461 | PIP ≥4 n = 274 | PIP < 4 n = 187 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), m (SD) | 77 (6.5) | 78 (6.5) | 76 (6.4) |
| Female, n (%) | 254 (55.1) | 153 (55.8) | 101 (54.0) |
| Family situation, n (%) | |||
| Married | 219 (47.5) | 118 (43.1) | 101 (54.0) |
| Single | 38 (8.2) | 25 (9.1) | 13 (7.0) |
| Divorced | 61 (13.2) | 35 (12.8) | 26 (13.9) |
| Widowed | 143 (31.0) | 96 (35.0) | 47 (25.1) |
| Living situation, n (%) | |||
| Private household | 419 (90.9) | 247 (90.1) | 172 (92.0) |
| Senior residencya | 37 (8.0) | 23 (8.4) | 14 (7.5) |
| Retirement home or nursing home | 5 (1.1) | 4 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) |
| Eucation, n (%) | |||
| College qualification | 130 (28.3) | 74 (27.0) | 56 (30.1) |
| Junior high school diploma | 130 (28.3) | 74 (27.0) | 56 (30.1) |
| Secondary school diploma | 187 (40.7) | 120 (43.8) | 67 (36.0) |
| No school degree | 13 (2.8) | 6 (2.2) | 7 (3.8) |
| Statutory health insurance, n (%) | 362 (78.9) | 216 (79.1) | 146 (78.5) |
| ISAR, m (SD) | 2.8 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.1) | 2.6 (0.8) |
| Multimorbidityb, m (SD) | 5.6 (3.6) | 6.6 (3.8) | 4.3 (2.8) |
| No. of hospital stays in last six months, m (SD) | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.7 (1.1) |
| Medications per participant, m (SD) | 9.8 (4.5) | 10.8 (4.5) | 8.2 (4.1) |
| PIM per participant, m (SD) | 1.7 (1.6) | 2.4 (1.6) | 0.6 (0.7) |
| PPO per participant, m (SD) | 2.8 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.4) | 1.7 (0.9) |
| Quality of information: good, n (%) | 406 (91.4) | 243 (92.0) | 163 (90.6) |
| Functional disability | |||
| WHODAS cognition, m (SD) | 21.3 (23.3) | 25.1 (25.1) | 15.8 (19.0) |
| WHODAS mobility, m (SD) | 47.0 (32.2) | 54.3 (31.5) | 36.4 (30.3) |
| WHODAS self-care, m (SD) | 25.6 (29.6) | 32.3 (31.2) | 15.8 (24.0) |
| WHODAS relationships, m (SD) | 27.4 (26.8) | 32.0 (28.7) | 20.5 (22.2) |
| WHODAS life activities, m (SD) | 51.7 (37.8) | 59.3 (36.5) | 40.7 (37.1) |
| WHODAS participation, m (SD) | 40.0 (24.1) | 44.8 (24.1) | 33.4 (22.5) |
| WHODAS total score, m (SD) | 34.9 (22.2) | 40.5 (22.7) | 26.9 (18.8) |
M Mean; SD Standard deviation; PIP Potentially inappropriate prescription; PIM Potentially inappropriate medication; PPO potential prescribing omission; ISAR Identification of Seniors at Risk Screening Tool; WHODAS World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (0: no disability; 100: maximal disability); a: senior residency: mainly independent living with minor nursing support; b: Multimorbidity as measured by the outcome-orientated multimorbidity score “Activities of daily life” (ADL) of Tooth et al [34].