Table 1.
The characteristics of the studies
| Author, years | country | setting | Type of probiotics | Time from antibiotic to probiotic | Follow-up time | Probiotics group (n) | Placebo group (n) | AAD in Probiotics group (n) | AAD in Placebo group (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lewis, 1998 [5] | England | Hospital | Saccharomyees boulardii | Within 48 h | No report | 33 | 36 | 7 | 5 |
| Beausoleil, 2007 [19] | Canada | Hospital | Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei. | Within 48 h | for 21 days after the last dose of antibiotic | 44 | 45 | 7 | 16 |
| Hickson, 2007 [20] | England | Hospital | Lactobacillus casei, S thermophilus, and L bulgaricus | Within 48 h | Antibiotics treatment plus 28days, or for 28 days from discharge | 69 | 66 | 7 | 19 |
| Safdar, 2008 [21] | America | Hospital | Lactobacillus acidophilus. | Within 24 h | Unspecified (probably for 14 days after the last dose of antibiotic) | 23 | 17 | 4 | 6 |
| Pozzoni, 2012 [2] | Italy | Hospital | S. boulardii | Within 48 h | for 12 weeks after the last dose of antibiotic | 106 | 98 | 16 | 13 |
| Allen, 2013 [1] | England | Hospital | Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacterium | Within 7days | for 8 weeks after recruitment | 1470 | 1471 | 159 | 153 |
| Wright, 2015 [4] | Australia | Hospital | Lactobacillus casei and Shirota strain | Within 24 h | Unspecified (probably 28 days) | 41 | 46 | 5 | 4 |
| C. Rajkumar, 2020 [3] | England | Hospital | L. casei DN114001, L. delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus | Within 7days | for two weeks after the last dose of antibiotic | 549 | 577 | 106 | 103 |