Table 2.
Difference-in-differences analyses of the blood and behavioral variables. Entries are least-squares means (95% confidence intervals). Entries in bold are those for which the confidence interval does not contain 0. Note: CPM = comparison pearl millet, BPM = biofortified pearl millet
| Baseline | Endline | Difference in | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Task | Variable | CPM | BPM | CPM | BPM | Condition | Assessment | Differences |
| Blood variables | ||||||||
| Hb (g/dL) | 12.18 (11.79, 12.57) | 12.09 (11.75, 12.44) | 12.11 (11.72, 2.50) | 12.41 (12.06, 12.76) | 0.09 (-0.43, 0.61) | 0.32 (-0.17, 0.81) | -0.39 (-1.13, 0.34) | |
| sFt (ng/mL) | 13.38 (9.24, 17.51) | 17.05 (13.34, 20.76) | 14.93 (10.79, 19.07) | 22.31 (18.60, 26.03) | -3.67 (-9.24, 1.89) | 5.26 (0.01, 10.51) | -3.70 (-11.60, 4.16) | |
| sTfR (ug/mL) | 7.35 (6.48, 8.22) | 6.99 (6.21, 7.76) | 7.92 (7.05, 8.79) | 6.90 (6.12, 7.68) | 0.36 (-0.80, 1.53) | -0.08 (-1.18, 1.02) | 0.65 (-0.99, 2.30) | |
| BdFe (mg/kg) | 0.31 (-0.76, 1.38) | 0.86 (-0.10, 1.82) | 0.49 (-0.58, 1.56) | 1.72 (0.76, 2.68) | -0.54 (-1.98, 0.90) | 0.86 (-0.50, 2.22) | -0.69 (-2.72, 1.35) | |
| Behavioral variables | ||||||||
| SRT | RT (ms) | 1186 (1154, 1218) | 1181 (1153, 1210) | 1051 (1018, 1083) | 1082 (1053, 1111) | 4 (-39, 48) | -100 (-141, -59) | -36 (-97, 26) |
| GNG | RT (ms) | 627 (600, 654) | 661 (637, 684) | 592 (565,619) | 546 (522, 569) | -34 (-69, 2) | -115 (-148, -82) | 80 (30, 130) |
| ANT | RT 0 cues (ms) | 658 (624, 692) | 677 (647, 707) | 668 (634, 702) | 692 (662, 723) | -19 (-64, 27) | 15 (-28, 58) | -5 (-69, 59) |
| RT 2 cues (ms) | 633 (597, 668) | 712 (680, 745) | 632 (596, 668) | 581 (549, 613) | -80 (-128, -32) | -131 (-177, -86) | 130 (62, 199) | |
| RT alerting (ms) | 22 (-10, 54) | -36 (-65, -7) | 44 (12, 76) | 111 (82, 140) | 58 (15, 101) | 147 (106, 187) | -125 (-186, -64) | |
| RT center cues (ms) | 669 (634, 703) | 687 (657, 718) | 618 (583, 652) | 643 (613, 674) | -19 (-65, 27) | -44 (-87, -1) | -6 (-71, 58) | |
| RT spatial cues (ms) | 575 (548, 602) | 641 (617, 665) | 614 (587, 641) | 561 (537, 585) | -66 (-102, -30) | -79 (-113, -45) | 118 (67, 169) | |
| RT orienting (ms) | 90 (54, 125) | 46 (15, 78) | 12 (-24, 47) | 82 (50, 114) | 44 (-4, 91) | 35 (-10, 80) | -114 (-181, -46) | |
| RT cons flankers (ms) | 677 (646, 709) | 692 (664, 720) | 643 (612, 675) | 686 (658, 715) | -15 (-57, 28) | -5 (-45, 34) | -29 (-88, 31) | |
| RT incons flankers (ms) | 766 (731, 801) | 814 (742, 846) | 814 (778, 849) | 725 (693, 756) | -48 (-95, -1) | -89 (-134, -44) | 137 (70, 204) | |
| RT conflict (ms) | 89 (64,114) | 121 (99, 144) | 170 (145, 195) | 38 (16, 61) | -32 (-66, 1) | -83 (-115, -51) | 165 (117, 212) | |
| CFE | CFE RT (ms) | 59 (28, 90) | 39 (11, 67) | 47 (16, 78) | 92 (64, 120) | 20 (-22, 61) | 53 (13, 92) | -64 (-123, -5) |
| CFE hit rate (ms) | -0.02 (-0.07, 0.03) | 0.01 (-0.03, 0.06) | -0.01 (-0.06, 0.04) | 0.03 (-0.01, 0.07) | -0.04 (-0.10, 0.03) | 0.02 (-0.04, 0.08) | -0.01 (-0.09, 0.09) | |
| CFE false alarm rate (propn) | -0.03 (-0.07, 0.02) | 0.03 (-0.01, 0.08) | 0.01 (-0.03, 0.06) | -0.04 (-0.07, 0.01) | -0.06 (-0.12, 0.01) | -0.06 (-0.12, -0.01) | 0.10 (0.01, 0.19) | |
| CFE sensitivity (SD) | 0.05 (-0.21, 0.31) | 0.09 (-0.14, 0.32) | 0.08 (-0.18, 0.34) | 0.42 (0.19, 0.65) | -0.04 (-0.38, 0.31) | 0.33 (0.01, 0.66) | -0.30 (-0.79, 0.19) | |
| CFE bias (SD) | 0.03 (-0.11, 0.16) | 0.08 (-0.04, 0.20) | -0.01 (-0.14, 0.14) | -0.10 (-0.22, 0.03) | -0.06 (-0.24, 0.13) | -0.18 (-0.35, -0.01) | 0.15 (-0.11, 0.41) | |
| CRT | RT, new items (ms) | 939 (873, 1006) | 862 (803, 922) | 853 (787, 919) | 879 (819, 938) | 77 (-12, 166) | 16 (-67, 100) | -103 (-228, 23) |
| RT, old items (ms) | 737 (698, 777) | 720 (684, 755) | 747 (707, 787) | 666 (630, 702) | 18 (-36, 71) | -54 (-104, -3) | 64 (-12, 139) | |
| Sensitivity (SD) | 3.26 (2.93, 3.58) | 3.32 (3.03, 3.62) | 3.35 (3.03, 3.68) | 3.93 (3.64, 4.23) | -0.07 (-0.50, 0.37) | 0.61 (0.20, 1.02) | -0.52 (-1.13, 0.10) | |
| Bias (SD) | 0.02 (-0.14, 0.18) | -0.01(-0.15, 0.14) | 0.05 (-0.11, 0.21) | -0.08 (-0.22, 0.06) | 0.03 (-0.19, 0.24) | -0.08 (-0.27, 0.13) | 0.10 (-0.20, 0.40) | |
| Pct change in capacity (%) | 31 (23, 40) | 35 (28, 42) | 52 (45, 60) | 80 (73, 87) | -4 (-14, 7) | 45 (35, 55) | -24 (-39, -9) | |