Table 3.
Moderators in the effects of physical activity on mental health in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities
| Variable | Level | Beta (95% CI) | Q | df | Adjusted R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Publication year | Range: 2000-2021 | 0.041 (0.007, 0.076) | 5.41* | 1 | 22 |
| Study location (ref: Asia) | Europe | -1.038 (-1.472, -0.604) | 23.63** | 2 | 60 |
| America and Australia | -1.124 (-1.757, -0.492) | ||||
| Outcome provider (ref: Self-report) | Teacher/parent proxy-report | -0.293 (-0.895, 0.309) | 0·91 | 1 | 2 |
| Study design (ref: RCT) | Non-RCT | -0.465 (-0.938, 0.008) | 3.71 | 1 | 15 |
| Sample size | Range: 20-145 participants | 0.013 (0.003, 0.022) | 6.82** | 1 | 32 |
| Age (ref: Children 5-11 years) | Adolescents (12-17 years) | -0.617 (-1.045, -0.187) | 8.00** | 1 | 37 |
| Sex (ref: Boys-only) | Girls-only | -0.252 (-0.848, 0.344) | 5.63 | 2 | 26 |
| Mix-sex | 0.395 (-0.093, 0.882) | ||||
| ID level (ref: Mild ID) | Mild to moderate ID | -0.271 (-0.797, 0.255) | 2.16 | 2 | 13 |
| Overall ID | -0.467 (-1.108, 0.174) | ||||
| Intervention type (ref: Therapeutic exercise) | Aerobic exercise | -0.255 (-0.989, 0.479) | 14.14** | 4 | 39 |
| Cognitive exercise | -0.548 (-1.202, 0.106) | ||||
| Non-competitive sport | -1.005 (-1.602, -0.408) | ||||
| Competitive sport | -0.931 (-1.630, -0.232) | ||||
| Intervention setting (ref: School) | Community | -0.183 (-0.718, 0.351) | 4.02 | 2 | 1 |
| NR | 0.642 (-0.229, 1.512) | ||||
| Intervention duration per week (ref: >120 min/week) | ≤120 min/week | -0.566 (-1.028, -0.105) | 5.83* | 1 | 25 |
| NR | -0.409 (-1.412, 0.594) | ||||
| Total intervention session | Range: 20-139 sessions | -0.004 (-0.012, 0.004) | 1.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Total intervention duration | Range: 250-16680 min | -0.000 (-0.000, 0.000) | 3.45 | 1 | 16 |
| Reach | Range: 40%-100% | -0.510 (-2.284, 1.264) | 0.32 | 1 | 0 |
| Effectiveness | Range: 25%-100% | 0.503 (-0.401, 1.408) | 1.19 | 1 | 4 |
| Adoption | Range: 0%-83.3% | 0.361 (-0.410, 1.133) | 0.84 | 1 | 3 |
| Implementation | Range: 33.3%-66.7% | 0.419 (-1.988, 2.825) | 0.12 | 1 | 0 |
| Maintenance | Range: 0%-33.3% | -1.410 (-3.400. -0.083) | 4.24* | 1 | 11 |
| Overall RE-AIM | Range: 27.7%-66% | 0.397 (-1.576, 2.370) | 0.16 | 1 | 1 |
ID intellectual disability, NR not reported, RCT randomized controlled trial, ref reference group
*p<0·05; **p<0·01