Table 3.
Estimation Results – Healthcare Utilization (Realized Access)
| No fixed effects, no chronic condition | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ln(HC Exp) | Share Self pay | Office visits | ER visits | |
| Union Member |
0.469*** (0.0211) |
− 0.113*** (0.00233) |
0.271*** (0.0179) |
0.168*** (0.0252) |
| N | 256,310 | 202,827 | 256,310 | 256,310 |
| Controls | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Chronic Condition | N | N | N | N |
| Year FE | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Individual FE | N | N | N | N |
| No fixed effects, chronic condition | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ln(HC Exp) | Share Self pay | Office visits | ER visits | |
| Union Member |
0.450*** (0.0295) |
− 0.103*** (0.00322) |
0.268*** (0.0251) |
0.142*** (0.0373) |
| N | 139,349 | 108,756 | 139,349 | 139,349 |
| Controls | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Chronic Condition | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Year FE | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Individual FE | N | N | N | N |
| Fixed effects, no chronic condition | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ln(HC Exp) | Share Self pay | Office visits | ER visits | |
| Union Member |
0.131* (0.0792) |
− 0.0473*** (0.0122) |
0.104** (0.0520) |
0.312*** (0.0956) |
| N | 256,310 | 202,827 | 256,310 | 256,310 |
| Controls | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Chronic Condition | N | N | N | N |
| Year FE | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Individual FE | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Fixed effects, chronic condition | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ln(HC Exp) | Share Self pay | Office visits | ER visits | |
| Union Member |
0.153 (0.119) |
− 0.0422** (0.0196) |
0.132 (0.0804) |
0.486*** (0.134) |
| N | 139,349 | 108,756 | 139,349 | 139,349 |
| Controls | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Chronic Condition | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Year FE | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Individual FE | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Table presents regression results from estimating Eq. (1). Estimates for continuous variables obtained using ordinary least squares. Estimates for count variables obtained from either negative binomial regression or Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (when individual fixed-effects are included). Standard errors in parenthesis, clustered at the individual level.
*p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01. Observations weighted using IPUMS-MEPS sample weights. Each regression includes controls for age, age-squared, sex, race, educational attainment, marital status, income, and year-fixed effects. Table reports regression coefficients, such that—for count data models—one can obtain the incidence rate ratio by exponentiating the parameter estimate