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. 2022 Jul 7;12:11508. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15769-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model-implied cross-lagged effects (preventive behavior → conspiracy beliefs) for a range of time lags in months. On average, data for approximately 3 to 4 months were available. Thus, parts of the individual trajectories are simple extrapolations. For short studies, such as 1 and 8, the cross effects at large time lags cannot be reliably estimated. Hence, the largest effects in short studies are shifted to shorter time lags than the meta-analytic curve.