Table 2.
Cardiac ultrastructures identified, examined, and measured using TEM.
| Cellular structures identified | Measurements taken | References |
|---|---|---|
| Mitochondria | Number, size, area, aspect ratio, and contact sites with SR | Searls et al., 2004; Arany et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2010; Ong et al., 2010; Haemmerle et al., 2011; Chen L. et al., 2012; Piquereau et al., 2012; Ahuja et al., 2013; Kubli et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013; Jahng et al., 2015; Saito et al., 2015; Song et al., 2015a; Treskatsch et al., 2015; Eisenberg et al., 2016; Goh et al., 2016; Hall et al., 2016; Shirakabe et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2016; Beikoghli Kalkhoran et al., 2017; Takemura et al., 2017; Benador et al., 2018; Kang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018; Sibouakaz et al., 2018; Yuan and Pan, 2018; Chaanine, 2019; Collins et al., 2019; Hsieh et al., 2019; Lampert et al., 2019; Xiong et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2019; Babaei et al., 2020; Liang et al., 2020 |
| Mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDV) | Presence, distribution, and size | Cadete et al., 2016 |
| Sarcomeres/myofibrillar structure | Structural integrity and sarcomere length | Searls et al., 2004; Gupta et al., 2010; Saito et al., 2015; Treskatsch et al., 2015; Eisenberg et al., 2016; Takemura et al., 2017; Sibouakaz et al., 2018; Yin et al., 2018; Yuan and Pan, 2018; Babaei et al., 2020 |
| SR | Structural integrity and proximity to mitochondria | Eisenberg et al., 2016; Beikoghli Kalkhoran et al., 2017 |
| Myelin bodies/endosomal bodies/apoptotic bodies | Presence | Gupta et al., 2010; Chaanine, 2019; Gil-Cayuela et al., 2019 |
| Nuclei/nuclear envelope | Structure, size, and chromatin condensation | Searls et al., 2004; Gupta et al., 2010; Treskatsch et al., 2015; Chaanine, 2019 |
| Autophagosomes/autophagic vacuoles/mitophagosomes | Number, size, and distribution | Wohlgemuth et al., 2007; Carreira et al., 2010; Ong et al., 2010; Kanamori et al., 2011a,b, 2013; Pan et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2012; Kubli et al., 2013; Backues et al., 2014; Dupont et al., 2014; Kageyama et al., 2014; Shpilka and Elazar, 2015; Shpilka et al., 2015; Shirakabe et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2016; Takemura et al., 2017; Kang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018; Yin et al., 2018; Chaanine, 2019; Gil-Cayuela et al., 2019; Hsieh et al., 2019; Xiong et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2019 |
| Lysosomes | Number, size, distribution | Carreira et al., 2010; Kanamori et al., 2011a,b, 2013; Zhao et al., 2012; Jahng et al., 2015; Gil-Cayuela et al., 2019; Hsieh et al., 2019 |
| Lipid droplets | Number, size, proximity to autophagosomes and mitochondria | Searls et al., 2004; Caspi et al., 2013; Sibouakaz et al., 2018; Hsieh et al., 2019; Tong et al., 2019 |
| Glycogen granules | Presence, distribution, size, and aggregation | Haemmerle et al., 2011; Saito et al., 2015; Takemura et al., 2017 |
| Gap junctions/desmosomes | Presence and structural integrity | Hesketh et al., 2010; Caspi et al., 2013; Bonda et al., 2016; Sibouakaz et al., 2018 |
| Telocytes | Presence and distribution | Gherghiceanu and Popescu, 2010; Gherghiceanu et al., 2010; Popescu et al., 2010; Fertig et al., 2014; Tay et al., 2017 |