TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the DO-HEALTH trial participants.
| Vitamin D | p | Omega-3 | p | Exercise | p | Overall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D | No vitamin D | Omega-3 | No Omega-3 | SHEP | Control Exercise | Total | ||||
| (n = 1,076) | (n = 1,081) | (n = 1,073) | (n = 1,084) | (n = 1,081) | (n = 1,076) | (n = 2,157) | ||||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 75.0 (4.5) | 74.9 (4.4) | 0.50 | 74.7 (4.3) | 75.2 (4.6) | 0.02 | 75.0 (4.5) | 74.9 (4.4) | 0.72 | 74.9 (4.4) |
| Age categories, n (%) | — | — | 0.52 | — | — | 0.08 | — | — | 0.89 | — |
| 70–74 years | 606 (56.3) | 631 (58.4) | — | 635 (59.2) | 602 (55.5) | — | 622 (57.5) | 615 (57.2) | — | 1,237 (57.3) |
| 75–84 years | 417 (38.8) | 405 (37.5) | — | 398 (37.1) | 424 (39.1) | — | 408 (37.7) | 414 (38.5) | — | 822 (38.1) |
| 85 + years | 53 (4.9) | 45 (4.2) | — | 40 (3.7) | 58 (5.4) | — | 51 (4.7) | 47 (4.4) | — | 98 (4.5) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 26.5 (4.4) | 26.2 (4.2) | 0.08 | 26.3 (4.2) | 26.4 (4.3) | 0.72 | 26.3 (4.2) | 26.4 (4.4) | 0.57 | 26.3 (4.3) |
| Sex, no. (%) | — | — | 0.79 | — | — | 0.60 | — | — | 0.86 | — |
| Women, n (%) | 667 (62.0) | 664 (61.4) | 668 (62.3) | 663 (61.2) | — | 665 (61.5) | 666 (61.9) | 1,331 (61.7) | ||
| Men, n (%) | 409 (38.0) | 417 (38.6) | 405 (37.7) | 421 (38.8) | — | 416 (38.5) | 410 (38.1) | 826 (38.3) | ||
| Education, years, mean (SD) | 12.7 (4.4) | 12.6 (4.2) | 0.73 | 12.6 (4.2) | 12.7 (4.4) | 0.66 | 12.6 (4.2) | 12.6 (4.4) | 0.92 | 12.6 (4.3) |
| Comorbidity score, mean (SD) | 3.3 (3.1) | 3.3 (3.0) | 0.71 | 3.3 (3.1) | 3.3 (2.9) | 0.92 | 3.2 (3.0) | 3.4 (3.1) | 0.20 | 3.3 (3.0) |
| Short physical performance battery score, median (IQR) | 12.0 (10.0–12.0) | 11.0 (10.0–12.0) | 0.28 | 11.0 (10.0–12.0) | 11.0 (10.0–12.0) | 0.90 | 11.0 (10.0–12.0) | 11.0 (10.0–12.0) | 0.67 | 11.0 (10.0–12.0) |
| Vitamin D supplement users (≥800 IU), n (%) | 110 (10.2) | 126 (11.7) | 0.29 | 123 (11.5) | 113 (10.4) | 0.44 | 127 (11.7) | 109 (10.1) | 0.23 | 236 (10.9) |
| Vitamin D insufficiency (<20 ng/ml), n (%) | 427 (40.1) | 445 (41.4) | 0.52 | 422 (39.7) | 450 (41.8) | 0.33 | 422 (39.4) | 450 (42.1) | 0.20 | 872 (40.7) |
| Serum vitamin D concentration, ng/mL, mean (SD) | 22.4 (8.4) | 22.4 (8.5) | 0.85 | 22.4 (8.4) | 22.4 (8.4) | 0.98 | 22.8 (8.6) | 22.0 (8.2) | 0.03 | 22.4 (8.4) |
| Serum DHA concentration, µg/mL, mean (SD) | 78.1 (37.9) | 78.1 (35.9) | 0.97 | 78.9 (37.2) | 77.3 (36.6) | 0.32 | 78.2 (36.5) | 78.0 (37.4) | 0.93 | 78.1 (36.9) |
| Serum EPA concentration, µg/mL, median (IQR) | 24.8 (17.4–37.7) | 26.2 (18.6–37.7) | 0.14 | 26.1 (18.5–37.7) | 25.3 (17.6–37.9) | 0.56 | 25.1 (17.5–37.6) | 25.9 (18.6–38.1) | 0.24 | 25.5 (18.1–37.7) |
| Serum omega-3 PUFA concentration, n (%) | — | — | 0.42 | — | — | 0.91 | — | — | 0.95 | — |
| <100 μg/ml | 541 (50.9) | 527 (49.1) | — | 528 (49.9) | 540 (50.1) | — | 535 (50.1) | 533 (49.9) | — | 1,068 (50.0) |
| ≥100 μg/ml | 523 (49.1) | 546 (50.9) | 531 (50.1) | 538 (49.9) | 534 (50.0) | 535 (50.1) | 1,069 (50.0) | |||
| Physical activity level, n (%) | — | — | 0.08 | — | — | 0.47 | — | — | 0.47 | — |
| None | 207 (19.3) | 168 (15.6) | — | 190 (17.7) | 185 (17.1) | — | 179 (16.6) | 196 (18.2) | — | 375 (17.4) |
| 1–2 times per week | 318 (29.6) | 334 (30.9) | — | 311 (29.0) | 341 (31.5) | — | 323 (29.9) | 329 (30.6) | — | 652 (30.3) |
| ≥3 times per week | 550 (51.2) | 578 (53.5) | — | 570 (53.2) | 558 (51.5) | — | 578 (53.5) | 550 (51.2) | — | 1,128 (52.3) |
Differences between treated and non-treated participants at the baseline were tested using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, t-test, or chi-square test, for non-normal, normal, and categorical variables, respectively. Medians and IQRs are presented for variables with skewness >1.5. Percentages are rounded to 1 decimal, which could lead to percentage sums of 100.1% or 99.9%. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Higher BMI, values reflect overweight (≥25) and obesity (≥30).