FIGURE 7.

Approaches in studying protein O-GlcNAcylation. This review highlights some of the key approaches in studying protein O-GlcNAcylation and major findings in human and mice. This include 1) techniques in assessing OGT and OGA enzymatic activity using purified proteins or cell/tissue extracts; 2) techniques in assessing global and specific protein O-GlcNAcylation using antibodies, click chemistry, and mass spectrometry; 3) techniques in studying specific protein O-GlcNAcylation in vitro and selectively investigating specific protein O-GlcNAcylation in vivo; 4) the observations of consequences of OGT mutation in humans and association of changes of global protein O-GlcNAcylation in specimens from human diseases; and 5) investigations of protein O-GlcNAcylation in mice using OGT/OGA transgenic mouse models or pharmacological inhibitors of OGA.