TABLE 4.

Altered levels of protein O-GlcNAcylation, OGT, and OGA levels, as well as OGA activity in human disease samples.

Specimen	OGT and OGA levels and activities	Protein O-GlcNAcylation	Ref
AD postmortem brains		↑ protein O-GlcNAcylation in detergent insoluble fractions observed using ELISA and HGAC85/39 antibodies	Griffith and Schmitz (1995)
AD postmortem brains	↓ OGA protein levels and activities, unchanged OGT levels	↑ protein O-GlcNAcylation observed using western blot analyses with the CTD110.6 antibody	Förster et al. (2014)
AD postmortem brains		↓ protein O-GlcNAcylation observed using radioimmuno-dot-blot analyses with RL2 antibody	Liu et al. (2004)
AD postmortem brains		↓ protein O-GlcNAcylation observed using western blots with RL2	Pinho et al. (2019)
AD postmortem brains		↓ O-GlcNAcylation of 12 peptides, and ↑ O-GlcNAcylation of 119 peptides, using quantitative proteomics	Wang et al. (2017)
PD postmortem brains		↑ protein O-GlcNAcylation levels in PD stage IV patients using western blot with the CTD110.6 antibody	Wani et al. (2017b)
TLE patient hippocampal and cortical samples		↓ protein O-GlcNAcylation observed by western blot using CTD110.6 antibody	Sanchez et al. (2019)
Myocardial biopsies from heart failure patients	↑ ncOGT, mOGT, sOGT, and ncOGA protein ↑ OGT mRNA	↑ protein O-GlcNAcylation levels by western blot with CTD110.6 antibody (no statistics since n = 3 each), in aortic stenosis left ventricular tissues, compared to patients with nonischemic areas with coronary artery disease	Lunde et al. (2012)
Apical cores removed prior to LVAD implantation		↑ protein O-GlcNAcylation levels by ∼20% as observed by click chemistry from apical cores removed during LVAD implantation in heart failure patients compared to patients without heart failure	Dassanayaka et al. (2017)
Diabetes whole blood samples	↓ OGT and OGA mRNA		Coomer and Essop (2014)
Endothelial cells in patients with T2DM		↑ protein O-GlcNAcylation levels by immunofluorescence with RL2, from freshly isolated endothelial cells from forearm vein J-wire biopsy from patients with T2DM compared to non-diabetic controls	Masaki et al. (2020)
Skeletal vastus lateralis muscle biopsy		↑ OGT in diabetic patients by western blot analyses with RL2	Shi et al. (2018)
Liver biopsy	↓ OGT and ↑ OGA protein levels	↓ protein O-GlcNAcylation levels from patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis by western blots with the RL2 antibody	Zhang et al. (2019)
Colon tissues of IBD patients	↓ OGT	↓ protein O-GlcNAcylation levels in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease patients using immunohistochemistry with RL2	Zhao et al. (2018)
Human lung and prostate cancers	↑OGT	↑ protein O-GlcNAcylation levels in lung and prostate cancers using immunohistochemistry with RL2 antibodies compared to adjacent tissues	Mi et al. (2011)
Human prostate cancers		↑ protein O-GlcNAcylation levels in prostate cancers with poorer prognosis as measured by immunohistochemistry using the CTD110.6 antibody	Kamigaito et al. (2014)
Human colon tumors	↑OGT	↑ protein O-GlcNAcylation levels in colon tumors vs. controls as measured with western blots with RL2	Olivier-Van Stichelen et al. (2014)