Table 1.
Screening for confounders associated with stroke.
| Variables | Total [n=10,442 (weighted %)] | With stroke (n=402) | Without stroke (n=10,040) | Statistics | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | χ2=5.46 | 0.019 | |||
| Male | 5,042 (48.04) | 190 (40.64) | 4,852 (48.25) | ||
| Female | 5,400 (51.96) | 212 (59.36) | 5,188 (51.75) | ||
| Age, mean (S.E.) | 46.28 (0.42) | 64.90 (1.17) | 45.74 (0.40) | t=16.36 | <0.001 |
| BMI, mean (S.E.) | 28.50 (0.14) | 29.73 (0.37) | 28.47 (0.14) | t=3.23 | 0.003 |
| Race, n (%) | χ2=16.23 | 0.003 | |||
| Mexican American | 1,966 (8.21) | 36 (3.58) | 1,930 (8.35) | ||
| Other Hispanic | 793 (4.19) | 18 (2.12) | 775 (4.25) | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 4,997 (70.56) | 231 (74.96) | 4,766 (70.44) | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 2,267 (11.44) | 107 (14.57) | 2,160 (11.35) | ||
| Other race (including multi-raciala) | 419 (5.59) | 10 (4.76) | 409 (5.61) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | χ2=138.70 | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 5,573 (57.23) | 195 (49.91) | 5,378 (57.45) | ||
| Widowed | 929 (5.92) | 106 (23.27) | 823 (5.41) | ||
| Divorced | 1,070 (9.94) | 51 (12.45) | 1,019 (9.87) | ||
| Separated | 346 (2.43) | 10 (2.19) | 336 (2.43) | ||
| Never married | 1,737 (16.77) | 28 (7.05) | 1,709 (17.05) | ||
| Living with partner | 787 (7.71) | 12 (5.13) | 775 (7.79) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | χ2=39.19 | <0.001 | |||
| Less than 9th grade | 1,339 (6.45) | 83 (14.36) | 1,256 (6.22) | ||
| 9–11th grade | 1,736 (12.36) | 77 (14.78) | 1,659 (12.29) | ||
| High school grade/GED or equivalent | 2,521 (25.09) | 105 (29.50) | 2,416 (24.97) | ||
| Some college | 2,819 (30.22) | 89 (25.21) | 2,730 (30.37) | ||
| College graduate or above | 2,027 (25.88) | 48 (16.15) | 1,979 (26.16) | ||
| Family PIR, mean (S.E.) | 3.06 (0.05) | 2.35 (0.11) | 3.08 (0.05) | t=−9.09 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, mean (S.E.) | 97.64 (0.40) | 103.67 (0.91) | 97.47 (0.41) | t=6.81 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | χ2=221.24 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 3,432 (29.24) | 305 (73.13) | 3,127 (27.95) | ||
| No | 7,010 (70.76) | 97 (26.87) | 6,913 (72.05) | ||
| CHF, n (%) | χ2=590.92 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 338 (2.19) | 70 (15.80) | 268 (1.79) | ||
| No | 10,104 (97.81) | 332 (84.20) | 9,772 (98.21) | ||
| CHD, n (%) | χ2=213.56 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 405 (3.11) | 67 (18.26) | 338 (2.66) | ||
| No | 10,037 (96.89) | 335 (81.74) | 9,702 (97.34) | ||
| Angina pectoris, n (%) | χ2=128.60 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 286 (2.18) | 50 (11.36) | 236 (1.91) | ||
| No | 10,156 (97.82) | 352 (88.64) | 9,804 (98.09) | ||
| Heart attack, n (%) | χ2=415.86 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 433 (3.16) | 83 (18.66) | 350 (2.71) | ||
| No | 10,009 (96.84) | 319 (81.34) | 9,690 (97.29) | ||
| Pulse, mean (S.E.) | 73.20 (0.20) | 73.61 (0.64) | 73.19 (0.20) | t=0.63 | 0.531 |
| Platelet count, mean (S.E.) | 274.00 (1.29) | 263.91 (4.77) | 274.30 (1.27) | t=−2.33 | 0.026 |
| TC, mean (S.E.) | 5.13 (0.01) | 4.97 (0.09) | 5.13 (0.02) | t=−1.62 | 0.115 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mean (S.E.) | 1.38 (0.01) | 1.33 (0.03) | 1.38 (0.01) | t=−1.98 | 0.057 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | χ2=202.50 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1,198 (8.05) | 141 (30.93) | 1,057 (7.38) | ||
| No | 9,244 (91.95) | 261 (69.07) | 8,983 (92.62) | ||
| ACEi, n (%) | χ2=0.53 | 0.466 | |||
| Yes | 59 (0.48) | 2 (0.29) | 57 (0.49) | ||
| No | 10,383 (99.52) | 400 (99.71) | 9,983 (99.51) | ||
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | χ2=238.51 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1,228 (10.00) | 145 (33.94) | 1,083 (9.30) | ||
| No | 9,214 (90.00) | 257 (66.06) | 8,957 (90.70) | ||
| Antidepressants, n (%) | χ2=58.47 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1,005 (11.50) | 89 (25.51) | 916 (11.09) | ||
| No | 9,437 (88.50) | 313 (74.49) | 9,124 (88.91) | ||
| Sleep duration, n (%) | χ2=22.00 | <0.001 | |||
| <6 h | 1,655 (13.79) | 84 (22.63) | 1,569 (13.53) | ||
| 6–7 h | 2,410 (23.14) | 75 (17.64) | 2,334 (23.30) | ||
| 7–8 h | 2,790 (30.10) | 68 (20.91) | 2,722 (30.37) | ||
| ≥8 h | 3,587 (32.97) | 172 (38.82) | 3,415 (32.80) | ||
| Sleep disorder, n (%) | χ2=23.11 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 758 (7.31) | 62 (16.33) | 696 (7.05) | ||
| No | 9,684 (92.69) | 340 (83.67) | 9,344 (92.95) | ||
| Time required to fall asleep, min, mean (S.E.) | 21.40 (0.34) | 26.08 (1.32) | 21.26 (0.34) | t=3.66 | <0.001 |
| Frequency of sleep deprivation, n (%) | χ2=22.20 | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 3,440 (26.15) | 147 (32.88) | 3,293 (25.95) | ||
| One time a month | 1,821 (18.93) | 57 (14.06) | 1,764 (19.08) | ||
| 2–4 times a month | 2,692 (28.97) | 96 (26.76) | 2,596 (29.03) | ||
| 5–15 times a month | 1,463 (15.92) | 36 (9.50) | 1,427 (16.10) | ||
| 16–30 times a month | 1,026 (10.04) | 66 (16.80) | 960 (9.84) | ||
| Frequency of early-morning wakefulness, n (%) | χ2=36.03 | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 4,770 (43.77) | 158 (36.91) | 4,612 (43.97) | ||
| One time a month | 1,865 (19.73) | 57 (15.41) | 1,808 (19.85) | ||
| 2–4 times a month | 2,002 (19.82) | 79 (19.80) | 1,923 (19.82) | ||
| 5–15 times a month | 1,091 (10.57) | 48 (12.78) | 1,043 (10.51) | ||
| 16–30 times a month | 714 (6.11) | 60 (15.09) | 654 (5.85) | ||
| Frequency of midnight wakefulness, n (%) | χ2=28.13 | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 4,046 (35.62) | 127 (29.34) | 3,919 (35.80) | ||
| One time a month | 1,936 (20.33) | 65 (17.30) | 1,871 (20.42) | ||
| 2–4 times a month | 2,389 (23.68) | 91 (21.79) | 2,298 (23.74) | ||
| 5–15 times a month | 1,268 (13.09) | 58 (16.02) | 1,210 (13.00) | ||
| 16–30 times a month | 803 (7.28) | 61 (15.55) | 742 (7.04) |
S.E – standard error; BMI – body mass index; GED – general equivalent diploma; PIR – poverty income ratio; CHF – congestive heart failure; CHD – coronary heart disease; TC – serum total cholesterol; HDL – high-density lipoprotein; ACEi – angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.