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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 10.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2022 Jun 9;130(12):1965–1993. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.122.320334

Figure 2. Mitochondrial life cycle.

Figure 2.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivators 1-α/β (PGC1α/β) coactivate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs) to orchestrate expression of proteins of FA utilization and OXPHOS during mitochondrial biogenesis. PGCs also drive mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAm) expression to regulate protein/RNA expression and replication of mtDNA. Mitochondrial dynamics are balanced by mitochondrial fission, driven by dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) and fission 1 (FIS1), and mitochondrial fusion, promoted by mitofusin 1/2 (MFN1/2) and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1). Removal of mitochondria is accomplished by autophagy of mitochondria (i.e., mitophagy).