Table 3.

Change in WHOOP data (estimated means)

		Placebo							Saffron							p-valueb	Effect size
		Week 1	Week 2	Week 3	Week 4	Week 5	Week 6	p-valuea	Week 1	Week 2	Week 3	Week 4	Week 5	Week 6	p-valuea
ALL PARTICIPANTS (placebo, n = 31; saffron, n = 30)
HRV	Mean	47.98	48.88	47.87	47.49	46.89	47.77	.936	49.1	49.2	48.98	48.83	50.59	50.85	.202	.502	.18
	SE	1.15	1.18	1.16	1.16	1.15	1.19		1.19	1.2	1.2	1.19	1.24	1.24
RHR	Mean	56.63	56.05	56.66	56.9	56.96	56.06	.378	56.63	57.39	56.92	57.39	56.83	57.21	.371	.289	.23
	SE	0.14	0.62	0.53	0.6	0.56	0.64		0.15	0.65	0.54	0.61	0.55	0.63
Total sleep time	Mean	7.04	6.96	6.90	7.01	6.92	6.98	.645	6.99	6.98	7.16	6.90	7.04	6.83	.183	.598	.11
	SE	0.02	0.10	0.14	0.11	0.13	0.13		0.02	0.10	0.14	0.11	0.13	0.12
Sleep efficiency (%)	Mean	88.86	88.02	87.83	89.17	89.00	88.85	.978	88.86	89.10	88.75	88.18	89.11	88.53	.475	.170	.09
	SE	0.02	0.42	0.51	0.42	0.47	0.48		0.02	0.44	0.52	0.41	0.46	0.46
MALES (placebo, n = 15; saffron, n = 22)
HRV	Mean	50.87	49.57	49.44	50.12	48.33	47.95	.029	50.29	50.47	51.12	50.61	51.73	54.81	<.001†	.001††	.97
	SE	1.53	1.49	1.49	1.51	1.48	1.46		1.25	1.27	1.29	1.28	1.31	1.38
RHR	Mean	54.59	54.98	55.71	55.63	55.73	55.46	.272	54.9	55.65	54.9	55.05	55.03	54.88	.980	.540	.24
	SE	0.18	0.74	0.66	0.64	0.69	0.78		0.15	0.63	0.55	0.53	0.56	0.64
Total sleep time	Mean	7 .14	6.94	7.00	7.08	7.05	7.01	.495	7.06	7.07	7.12	7.06	7.05	7.05	.937	.843	.11
	SE	0.05	0.14	0.16	0.15	0.18	0.19		0.04	0.12	0.14	0.12	0.15	0.15
Sleep efficiency (%)	Mean	89.10	88.20	87.81	89.46	89.80	89.11	.986	89.11	89.10	89.12	88.24	89.59	88.45	.196	.260	.19
	SE	0.03	0.56	0.80	0.57	0.67	0.63		0.03	0.48	0.69	0.47	0.55	0.51
FEMALES (placebo, n = 16; saffron, n = 9)
HRV	Mean	44.32	47.28	45.45	44.07	44.65	46.33	.251	47.97	47.82	45.56	46.16	49.41	43.91	.075	.092	.42
	SE	1.82	1.94	1.9	1.85	1.87	1.97		2.64	2.63	2.5	2.54	2.72	2.41
RHR	Mean	59.63	58.04	58.48	59.09	59.09	57.48	.034	59.26	60.02	60.27	61.54	59.61	61.33	.123	.062	.76
	SE	0.15	1.07	0.83	1.11	0.88	0.99		0.2	1.48	1.11	1.49	1.14	1.33
Total sleep time	Mean	6.91	6.93	6.78	6.92	6.77	6.92	.940	6.89	6.82	7.30	6.60	7.05	6.37	.007†	.140	.59
	SE	0.01	0.14	0.24	0.17	0.20	0.17		0.02	0.18	0.33	0.20	0.27	0.19
Sleep efficiency (%)	Mean	88.49	87.72	87.72	88.74	88.12	88.45	.953	88.53	89.32	88.10	88.26	88.22	88.96	.652	.783	0.11
	SE	0.03	0.67	0.62	0.65	0.66	0.76		0.04	0.91	0.81	0.83	0.86	0.95

^†statistically significant within-group changes. ^††statistically significant between-group changes. Results (estimated means) are generated from generalized, mixed-effects models adjusted for BMI, IPAC METS, age, sex, and corresponding baseline values. ^aP-values are generated from repeated-measures generalized, mixed-effects models adjusted for BMI, IPAC METS, age, sex, and corresponding baseline values (time effects baseline and week 6). ^bP-values are generated from repeated-measures generalized, mixed-effects models adjusted for BMI, IPAC METS, age, sex, and corresponding baseline values (time x group interaction).