Table 1.

Comparison of nanocarbon-based artificial peroxidase for various analytes.

Nanocarbon	Abbreviation in Ref.	Carbon source	Synthesis method	Detection method	Target	LOD	Real sample	Ref.
C dots	C-Dots	Candle soot	Reflux with HNO3 at 140 °C for 12 h	Colorimetric	H2O2	0.2 μM	human serum	[83]
					glucose	0.4 μM
	r-CDs	Lampblack	Reflux with HNO3 at 140 °C for 12 h, and then reduction with NaBH4	Colorimetric	glucose	2.0 μM	human serum	[84]
					uric acid	3.0 μM
	CQDs	Litchi rind	Reflux with HNO3 at 140°C for 12 h	Colorimetric	glucose	3.0 μM	human serum	[86]
	E-GQDs	Wood charcoal	Electrochemical oxidation at 5 V in the presence of 0.01 M (NH4)2S2O8	Colorimetric	H2O2	0.9 μM	-	[87]
					glucose	6.0 μM
	o-GQDs	Multiwalled carbon nanotubes	Reflux with HNO3 at 140 °C for 48 h	Colorimetric	H2O2	20 nM	blood from Balb/c mice	[88]
					glucose	0.2 μM
	GQDs	Graphite powder	Wet chemical oxidation method (sonicated for 2 h and 30 min at room temperature followed by stirring for 45 min at 90 °C.)	Colorimetric	H2O2	9.0 μM	-	[89]
					Cholesterol	6.0 μM
	N-GQDs	Graphite powder, dopamine	Hydrothermal treatment at 75 °C for 6 h	Colorimetric	H2O2	5.3 μM	human serum, commercial fruit juices	[92]
					glucose	16.0 μM
	CNDs	Dimethylamine	Microwave heat-treatment for 60 s	Colorimetric	H2O2	0.4 μM	-	[93]
					glucose	0.5 μM
	CDs	Na2EDTA	Pyrolysis at 400 °C for 2 h	Colorimetric	GSH	0.3 μM	human whole blood	[96]
	CQDs	Latexes of E. milii plant	Hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C for 3 h	Colorimetric	GSH	5.3 nM	human serum	[97]
	GDs	Carbon black	Reflux with HNO3 at 130 °C for 24 h	Colorimetric	H2O2	10 nM	cell lysate	[98]
					glucose	0.5 μM
					GSH	0.5 μM
	N-CQDs	Leaf extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica)	Hydrothermal treatment at 150 °C for 4 h	Colorimetric	H2O2	35.0 μM	fresh fruit juice	[99]
					AA	1.8 μM
	CDs	β-Cyclodextrin	Reflux with HNO3 for 12 h	Colorimetric	H2O2	1.0 μM	-	[100]
					Ag+	0.5 μM
					Fe3+	0.8 μM
	CDs	Na2EDTA	Pyrolysis at 400 °C for 2 h	Colorimetric	Hg2+	23 nM	river water sample	[101]
C dot nanocomposites	N,Fe-CDs	BPEI, hemin	Hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C for 10 h	Colorimetric	DA	0.03 μM	human serum	[102]
					Fluorescence	20 nM
	Pt-CDs	L-ascorbic acid, H2PtCl6	Hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C for 4 h	Colorimetric	H2O2	0.8 μM	-	[105]
					glucose	1.7 μM
	AuNPs@CDs	Citric acid, chloroauric acid	Microwave heat-treatment for 300 s and chemical reduction route	-	-	-	-	[108]
	C-dot/NiAl–LDH	Citric acid, Ni(NO3)2, Al(NO3)3,	Hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C for 3 h and simple mixing at room temperature	Colorimetric	H2O2	0.1 μM	milk	[109]
	MoS2 QDs, GQDs	Glucose, MoS2 nanosheets	Pyrolysis at 180 °C for GQDs and heated at 120°C for MoS2 QDs	Chemiluminometric	H2O2	0.4 nM	human serum	[110]
					Cholesterol	35 nM
	CDs/Fe3O4	Citric acid, Fe(NO3)3	Microwave heat-treatment for 300 s and hydrothermal treatment at 140 °C for 4 h, following calcined at 500 °C for 4 h	Colorimetric	H2O2	0.9 μM		[111]
					AA	0.3 μM
	C-dots/Fe3O4	Carbon soot, FeCl3	Reflux with HNO3 and mixed together in acidic media for 30 min	Colorimetric	H2O2	1.0 nM	-	[112]
	GQDs/CuO	GO, copper acetate	Microwave heat-treatment at 200 °C for 8 min and simple mixing at room temperature	Colorimetric	H2O2	0.2 μM	-	[113]
					glucose	0.6 μM
	ZnFe2O4/GQDs	GO, ZnCl2, FeCl3	Photo-Fenton reaction (365 nm, 1000 W)	Differential pulse voltammetry	DNA	6.2 × 10−17 M	human serum	[115]