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Schematic illustration of assays based on nanomaterials as fluorescence quenchers and label-free sensors for the detection of veterinary drugs. (a) Labelled type (figure created based on ref. [84,86]). (b) Label-free assay base on FRET from rhodamine B to AuNPs (figure created based on ref. [95]). (c) Label-free assay base on IFE from CDs to AuNPs (figure created based on ref. [96]). (d) Label-free assay base on the autofluorescence of target (figure created based on ref. [94]).
