Table 3.

Overview of aptamer-based fluorescent biosensors using nanomaterials for veterinary drug detection.

Strategy	Analyte	Sample	Method	Detection limit	Ref.
Nanomaterials as fluorescence quenchers	Oxytetracycline	Honey, water	FRET from thiol-Aptamer modified AgNCs to target.	0.046 μg L−1	[61]
	Sulfadimethoxine	Milk	FRET from Aptamer-FAM to CPNBs.	10 μg L−1	[84]
	Oxytetracycline	Lake water	FRET from Aptamer-FAM to rGO.	4.6 μg L−1	[85]
	Tetracycline	Milk	FRET from Aptamer-VS2 QDs to MoS2 nanosheets. (amino-carboxyl condensation reaction between VS2 QDs and aptamer)	0.06 μg L−1	[86]
	Tetracycline	Animal-derived food	FRET from Aptamer-N-GQDs to CoOOH. (amino-carboxyl condensation reaction between N-GQDs and aptamer)	0.95 μg L−1	[87]
	Oxytetracycline	Tap water, river	FRET from Aptamer-FAM to GO hydrogel.	25 μg L−1	[88]
	Kanamycin	Milk, animal-derived food	FRET from Aptamer-CDs to MoS2 nanosheets. (amino-carboxyl condensation reaction between CDs and aptamer)	532.95 μg L−1	[89]
	Kanamycin	Milk	FRET from Aptamer-FAM to rGO.	0.4845 ng L−1	[90]
	Florfenicol	Milk	FRET from Aptamer-ATTO647N to GO.	2.06 μg L−1	[91]
	Oxytetracycline	Spiked milk and tablets	FRET from oxytetracycline-Eu3+ to AgNPs. (electrostatic adsorption between targets and Eu3+)	0.874 μg L−1	[92]
	Kanamycin A	Milk	FRET from Aptamer-FAM to AuNPs	0.145 μg L−1	[93]
Label-free sensors	Enrofloxacin	Milk	FRET from targets to GO.	1.33 μg L−1	[94]
	Ofloxacin	Milk	FRET from Rhodamine B to AuNPs.	1.66 μg L−1	[95]
	Kanamycin	Milk	IFE from CDs to AuNPs.	8.72 μg L−1	[96]
Direct detection [Splitting aptamers]	Kanamycin	Human serum	One DNA split was labelled with CuS nanoparticle by amino-carboxyl condensation reaction, and the other was coupled with paramagnetic particles (PMPs) by biotin-streptavidin system crosslinking.	12.597 ng L−1	[97]
Indirect competitive [Strand-displacement strategy]	Kanamycin	Milk	FRET from QDs-SSB to Aptamer-BHQ1 (amino-carboxyl condensation reaction between QDs and SSB)	0.006 μg L−1	[52]
	Oxytetracycline	Milk	FRET from FAM (labelled on CS) to GO.	4.6043 mg L−1	[98]
	Oxytetracycline	Milk	LRET from NaYF4:Yb,Tm UCNPs to SYBR Green I. (amino-carboxyl condensation reaction between UCNPs and aptamer)	0.054 μg L−1	[99]
	Kanamycin	Milk, serum	FRET from FAM (labelled on CS) to AuNPs.	0.156 μg L−1	[100]