Table 2.

Various magnetic nanomaterial-based adsorbents for analysis of illicit drugs.

Surface functionalized MNPs	Sample volume	Adsorbent amount	Extraction time	Desorption time	Analytical Instrument	Enrichment factor	Sample	Limit of detection	Ref.
Small organic molecules
Carbon	5 mL	40 mg	2 min	5 min	HPLC-UV	-	Urine	20 ng/mL for methamphetamine	[22]
Carbon	6 mL	15-mm iron wire	10 min	5 min	HPLC-UV	-	Urine	5 ng/mL for amphetamine 6 ng/mL for methamphetamine	[23]
SMPS@PLS1	1 mL	10 mg	21 min	10 min	HPLC-MS	-	Urine	0.09 ng/mL for benzoylecgonine 0.26 ng/mL for benzoylnorecgonine 1.15 ng/mL for cocaethylene 0.92 ng/mL for cocaine 1.1 ng/mL for ecgonine 0.13 ng/mL for m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine 0.65 ng/mL for norcocaethylene 0.20 ng/mL for norcocaine	[24]
MPS2	50 mg	15 mg	20 min	10 min	HPLC-UV	208.69	Hair	0.1 ng/mL for morphine	[25]
Polymer
polypyrrole		30 mg	2 min	1 min	HPLC-UV	310	Urine	0.33 ng/mL for methamphetamine	[26]
o-MWNTs3	4 mL	15 mg	10 min	10 min	GC-MS	-	Blood Urine	44 pg/mL for methamphetamine 24 pg/mL for ketamine	[27]
CNTs	500 μL	9 mg	2 min	2 min	GC-MS	-	Breast milk	1.5 ng/mL for benzoylecgonine 1.6 ng/mL for cocaine	[28]
rGO/AgNC4	2 mL	100 mg	15 min	-	HPLC-UV	1000	Blood	2.1 pg/mL for codeine	[29]
							Urine	1.8 pg/mL for morphine
MNGO5	10 mL	40 mg	25 min	15 min	HPLC-UV	168	Urine	30 ng/mL for methamphetamine	[30]
Aptamer
5′-HS(CH2)6-TTTTTGGGAGTCAAGAACGAA-3′	25 μL	0.05 mg	40 min	-	UV	-	Plasma Serum Urine	15 ng/mL for cocaine	[31]
Antibody
amphetamine antibody methamphetamine antibody	20 μL	0.01 mg	10 min	10 min	MALDI-TOF MS		Urine	1.87 ng/mL for amphetamine 3.75 ng/mL for methamphetamine	[32]

Abbreviation:

¹SMPS@PLS: SiO₂ and methacrylic acid-3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl ester-divinyl benzene and vinyl pyrrolidone core-shell,

²MPS: methacrylic acid-3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl ester,

³o-MWNTs: acid-oxidized multi-walled carbon-nanotubes,

⁴rGO/AgNC: reduced graphene oxide/silver nanocomposite,

⁵MNGO: magnetic nano graphene oxide.