Table 1.
Growth performance, organ and fat-pad weights, serum biochemical values, hepatic antioxidative capacity, and hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines of experimental mice.
| Control | CLH | HFD | HFD + CLHL | HFD + CLHH | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth performance | |||||
| Initial body weight (g) | 25.32 ± 0.56a | 25.66 ± 0.61a | 25.48 ± 0.86a | 25.29 ± 0.76a | 24.54 ± 0.71a |
| Final body weight (g) | 36.21 ± 1.48c | 36.88 ± 0.63c | 53.30 ± 0.80a | 49.44 ± 1.12b | 48.48 ± 0.72b |
| Body weight gain (g) | 10.89 ± 0.99c | 11.22 ± 0.48c | 27.82 ± 0.71a | 24.14 ± 0.48b | 23.94 ± 0.46b |
| Feed intake (g/mouse/day) | 2.23 ± 0.03b | 2.32 ± 0.03a | 1.95 ± 0.01c | 1.92 ± 0.04c | 1.93 ± 0.02c |
| Water intake (mL/mouse/day) | 4.42 ± 0.19a | 4.24 ± 0.12a | 3.37 ± 0.10b | 3.56 ± 0.02b | 3.70 ± 0.10b |
| Energy intake (kcal/mouse/day) | 8.58 ± 0.13c | 8.94 ± 0.12bc | 9.43 ± 0.03a | 9.30 ± 0.19ab | 9.36 ± 0.10a |
| Feed efficiency (g WG/g diet) | 0.04 ± 0.00c | 0.04 ± 0.00c | 0.11 ± 0.00a | 0.09 ± 0.00b | 0.09 ± 0.00b |
| Organ weights | |||||
| Heart (g) | 0.17 ± 0.01a | 0.17 ± 0.01a | 0.17 ± 0.00a | 0.17 ± 0.01a | 0.17 ± 0.01a |
| Liver (g) | 1.28 ± 0.05b | 1.27 ± 0.02b | 1.97 ± 0.17a | 1.60 ± 0.20ab | 1.51 ± 0.10b |
| Kidney (g) | 0.33 ± 0.01b | 0.33 ± 0.00b | 0.36 ± 0.01a | 0.36 ± 0.01a | 0.36 ± 0.01a |
| Abdominal fat (g) | 2.23 ± 0.10b | 2.37 ± 0.19b | 4.09 ± 0.13a | 4.02 ± 0.14a | 4.17 ± 0.26a |
| Blood biochemical values | |||||
| TG (mg/dL) | 172.63 ± 17.14c | 173.88 ± 5.20c | 322.38 ± 16.79a | 231.00 ± 25.60b | 245.50 ± 17.94b |
| TC (mg/dL) | 187.38 ± 10.64b | 197.63 ± 6.89b | 271.25 ± 23.84a | 216.38 ± 27.42ab | 198.38 ± 23.72b |
| AST (U/L) | 97.50 ± 6.13c | 79.00 ± 4.09c | 159.63 ± 9.84a | 136.88 ± 4.98ab | 126.00 ± 14.24b |
| ALT (U/L) | 51.50 ± 4.00bc | 44.88 ± 2.42c | 103.38 ± 18.84a | 77.38 ± 11.51ab | 64.63 ± 7.44bc |
| ALP (U/L) | 299.50 ± 4.26b | 297.13 ± 2.80b | 319.63 ± 3.01a | 272.63 ± 3.28c | 248.88 ± 7.72d |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.21 ± 0.06a | 3.24 ± 0.05a | 3.16 ± 0.06a | 3.18 ± 0.04a | 3.11 ± 0.08a |
| Ketone body (mg/dL) | 6.22 ± 0.20b | 6.86 ± 0.03a | 6.15 ± 0.16b | 6.28 ± 0.17b | 6.47 ± 0.11ab |
| Fasted glucose (mg/dL) | 126.00 ± 4.44d | 135.00 ± 3.25cd | 184.13 ± 8.23a | 152.63 ± 7.27bc | 171.88 ± 12.61ab |
| Free fatty acid (mmol/L) | 0.55 ± 0.02d | 0.92 ± 0.02b | 1.13 ± 0.01a | 0.80 ± 0.05c | 0.80 ± 0.03c |
| Hepatic antioxidative capacities | |||||
| TBARS (nmole MDA eq./mg protein) | 0.88 ± 0.02b | 0.70 ± 0.04b | 1.47 ± 0.13a | 0.78 ± 0.05b | 0.73 ± 0.04b |
| Reduced GSH (nmole/mg protein) | 26.29 ± 1.46a | 29.41 ± 1.42a | 29.08 ± 1.99a | 28.41 ± 2.15a | 29.38 ± 3.34a |
| TEAC (nmole/mg protein) | 127.72 ± 2.17ab | 136.68 ± 7.25a | 110.62 ± 2.64c | 121.76 ± 3.27bc | 117.34 ± 1.76bc |
| SOD (unit/mg protein) | 6.51 ± 0.22b | 8.74 ± 0.16a | 2.70 ± 0.32d | 4.75 ± 0.48c | 5.43 ± 0.31c |
| CAT (unit/mg protein) | 36.33 ± 3.75ab | 29.76 ± 1.55abc | 28.00 ± 1.84c | 36.43 ± 2.72a | 29.37 ± 1.68bc |
| GPx (unit/mg protein) | 26.20 ± 1.60a | 26.55 ± 1.42a | 16.34 ± 1.30b | 25.35 ± 0.99a | 23.11 ± 2.66a |
| Hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines | |||||
| TNF-α (pg/mg protein) | 16.35 ± 0.91c | 20.56 ± 0.88bc | 35.37 ± 3.07a | 20.52 ± 1.67bc | 25.19 ± 2.26b |
| IL-1β (pg/mg protein) | 131.95 ± 7.03b | 123.74 ± 7.18b | 200.28 ± 12.36a | 139.42 ± 7.69b | 121.95 ± 11.75b |
*
The data are given as mean ± SEM (n = 8, except feed, water, and energy intake, and feed efficiency, n = 4). Mean values in each test parameter without a common letter are significantly different ( p < 0.05).
**
All mice were randomly assigned to one of following groups: (1) Control group: basal diet; (2) CLH group: basal diet and CLHs; (3) HFD group, high-fat diet (HFD, fat: 46.5% of caloric); (4) HFD + CLHL group: HFD and CLHs (appr. 170 mg/kg BW); (5) HFD + CLHH group: HFD and CLHs (appr. 510 mg/kg BW).