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. 2022 Jul 7;26:206. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04062-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — GSDMD activation during COVID-19 mediates NETs formation. Human neutrophils were isolated from healthy control (n = 12) and COVID-19 (n = 15) patients. Cells were treated with disulfiram (3, 10, and 30 µM) and cultured for 4 h at 37 °C. A The concentrations of MPO/DNA-NETs in the supernatants were determined using the picogreen test. B Representative immunostaining images for DNA (DAPI, blue), myeloperoxidase (MPO, green), and the GSDMD cleaved fraction (GSDMD-NT, red) are shown. The scale bar indicates 50 μm at 630× magnification. 4 × digital zoom was performed in the inset white square. C GSDMD-NT expression was quantified by MFI per field. D Human neutrophils were isolated from healthy control (n = 6). Cells were treated with disulfiram (30 uM). After 1 h, the cells were incubated with SARS-CoV-2 or Mock (virus control) and cultured for 4 h at 37 °C. Representative immunostaining images for DNA (DAPI, blue), myeloperoxidase (MPO, green), and the GSDMD cleaved fraction (GSDMD-NT, red) are shown. The scale bar indicates 50 μm at 630× fication. 4 × digital zoom was performed in the inset white square. (E) GSDMD-NT expression was quantified by MFI per field. F The concentrations of MPO/DNA-NETs in the supernatants were determined using the picogreen test. The data are expressed as mean ± SEM (*or ^# p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test in A, C, E, and F)