Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all included participants.
| Variables | Total (n = 626) | Survival group (n = 304) | Non-CVD death group (n = 223) | CVD death group (n = 99) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | 0.312 | ||||
| Male | 358 (53.07) | 157 (49.95) | 134 (57.02) | 67 (56.75) | |
| Female | 268 (46.93) | 147 (50.05) | 89 (42.98) | 32 (43.25) | |
| Age, year, Mean (S.E) | 66.85 (0.81) | 62.18 (0.94) | 72.24 (1.03) | 73.59 (1.48) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, Mean (S.E) | 29.73 (0.31) | 30.22 (0.47) | 28.93 (0.39) | 29.57 (1.03) | 0.101 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.340 | ||||
| Mexican American | 78 (3.07) | 43 (3.60) | 25 (2.44) | 10 (2.31) | |
| Other Hispanic | 6 (0.74) | 4 (0.82) | 1 (0.47) | 1 (1.07) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 426 (83.64) | 179 (80.91) | 171 (86.42) | 76 (88.43) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 96 (8.43) | 69 (11.08) | 18 (5.26) | 9 (4.92) | |
| Other Race | 20 (4.12) | 9 (3.60) | 8 (5.42) | 3 (3.26) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.072 | ||||
| At least high school | 415 (74.57) | 209 (78.64) | 140 (68.91) | 66 (70.89) | |
| Less than high school | 210 (25.43) | 95 (21.36) | 82 (31.09) | 33 (29.11) | |
| Family income to poverty ratio (PIR), Mean (S.E) | 2.72 (0.08) | 2.87 (0.12) | 2.46 (0.11) | 2.69 (0.17) | 0.040 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.794 | ||||
| Yes | 330 (53.54) | 166 (54.74) | 113 (52.59) | 51 (50.80) | |
| No | 296 (46.46) | 138 (45.26) | 110 (47.41) | 48 (49.20) | |
| Alcohol, gm, Mean (S.E) | 6.89 (1.03) | 7.49 (1.58) | 5.68 (1.36) | 7.21 (2.10) | 0.634 |
| Protein, gm, Mean (S.E) | 71.83 (1.86) | 73.70 (2.53) | 71.42 (3.31) | 65.10 (3.29) | 0.123 |
| Cholesterol, n (%) | 0.111 | ||||
| Yes | 580 (93.31) | 277 (91.71) | 207 (94.25) | 96 (97.67) | |
| No | 46 (6.69) | 27 (8.29) | 16 (5.75) | 3 (2.33) | |
| Total fat, gm, Mean (S.E) | 72.53 (2.05) | 75.17 (3.27) | 71.60 (3.78) | 63.88 (4.25) | 0.072 |
| Carbohydrate, gm, Mean (S.E) | 227.91 (6.03) | 236.20 (7.52) | 224.39 (9.21) | 202.02 (9.36) | 0.008 |
| eGFR, mL/min/m2, Mean (S.E) | 68.34 (0.94) | 74.85 (1.34) | 60.35 (1.87) | 60.08 (2.64) | <0.001 |
| Energy, 10 kcal, Mean (S.E) | 183.93 (4.01) | 188.62 (5.55) | 182.28 (6.22) | 168.53 (6.85) | 0.015 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.340 | ||||
| Yes | 446 (70.69) | 217 (68.40) | 68 (73.48) | 161 (73.78) | |
| No | 180 (29.31) | 87 (31.60) | 31 (26.52) | 61 (26.22) | |
| The history of CVD medications, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 525 (82.07) | 235 (75.30) | 201 (89.79) | 89 (92.05) | |
| No | 101 (17.93) | 69 (24.70) | 22 (10.21) | 10 (7.95) | |
| Diabetes | 0.223 | ||||
| Yes | 11 (1.59) | 7 (2.12) | 2 (0.81) | 2 (1.20) | |
| No | 174 (31.81) | 99 (35.72) | 48 (26.29) | 27 (28.50) | |
| Unknown | 441 (66.60) | 198 (62.16) | 173 (72.90) | 70 (70.30) | |
| Cancer, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 114 (19.07) | 41 (13.91) | 51 (26.67) | 22 (22.71) | |
| No | 512 (80.93) | 263 (86.09) | 172 (73.33) | 77 (77.29) | |
| Coffee, n (%) | 0.191 | ||||
| <1 cup per day | 137 (21.80) | 75 (25.48) | 43 (17.66) | 19 (16.23) | |
| 1–3 cups per day | 412 (64.04) | 192 (60.51) | 153 (68.98) | 67 (67.12) | |
| ≥4 cups per day | 77 (14.16) | 37 (14.01) | 27 (13.36) | 13 (16.66) | |
| Caffeine, 100 mg, Mean (S.E) | 2.05 (0.11) | 2.03 (0.18) | 2.14 (0.19) | 1.91 (0.22) | 0.794 |
| Iced tea, n (%) | 0.773 | ||||
| <1 cup per day | 531 (84.43) | 264 (86.23) | 183 (81.14) | 84 (84.65) | |
| 1–3 cups per day | 78 (11.47) | 34 (9.89) | 31 (14.38) | 13 (11.26) | |
| ≥4 cups per day | 17 (4.09) | 6 (3.88) | 9 (4.48) | 2 (4.09) | |
| Hot tea, n (%) | 0.773 | ||||
| <1 cup per day | 570 (90.71) | 279 (90.28) | 207 (92.81) | 84 (87.68) | |
| 1–3 cups per day | 49 (7.54) | 21 (7.62) | 13 (5.33) | 15 (12.32) | |
| ≥4 cups per day | 7 (1.74) | 4 (2.10) | 3 (1.86) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Decaffeinated coffee, n (%) | 0.547 | ||||
| Almost never | 335 (55.33) | 153 (52.85) | 127 (59.32) | 55 (56.30) | |
| About a quarter to three quarters of the time | 101 (16.16) | 58 (18.31) | 30 (14.03) | 13 (12.28) | |
| Always | 190 (28.51) | 93 (28.84) | 66 (26.65) | 31 (31.42) | |
| Decaffeinated iced tea, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Almost never | 447 (71.75) | 199 (65.04) | 177 (82.95) | 71 (73.50) | |
| About a quarter to three quarters of the time | 103 (16.63) | 68 (22.14) | 24 (9.40) | 11 (10.69) | |
| Always | 76 (11.62) | 37 (12.82) | 22 (7.65) | 17 (15.81) | |
| Decaffeinated hot tea, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Almost never | 447 (72.22) | 204 (67.73) | 178 (82.49) | 65 (66.93) | |
| About a quarter to three quarters of the time | 85 (13.75) | 56 (17.75) | 17 (6.97) | 12 (12.97) | |
| Always | 94 (14.04) | 44 (14.53) | 28 (10.54) | 22 (20.10) | |
| Follow-up time, months, Mean (S.E) | 104.07 (2.56) | 131.71 (2.01) | 70.70 (2.64) | 67.64 (5.06) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.