Table 1.
Summary of articles
| Author/years | Eye affected | Age | Gender | Time of presentation | Visual acuity at presentation | Findings at presentation | Follow-up and treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campo and Lewis, 1984[32] | OD | 15 | Female | 2 weeks | 0.46 logMAR (20/50) | Cyst at macula | MH with surrounding cystic changes at macula. Foveal RPE WD on FFA |
| Handa and Jaffe 1994[33] | OD OS |
25 | Male | 5 weeks | 1.0 logMAR (20/200) 0 logMAR (20/20) |
OD - cysts OS - solar-like maculopathy |
OS - MH at 5 months OU - 14 months- Macular RPE changes, resolution of hole and cysts OU - cataract surgery |
| Lagrèze et al., 1995[7] | OD OS |
13 | Male | 4 days | 0.18 logMAR (20/30) 0.48 logMAR (20/60) |
OU- missing FR, RPE defects at macula, retinal folds | OU - central yellow-white lesion with orange discoloration at RPE WD on FFA, EOG - reduced amplitude , ERG - normal OU |
| Augustin et al., 1995[34] | OD OS |
43 | Male | 6 weeks | 0.3 logMAR (20/40) 0.7 logMAR (20/100) |
Target-like alterations at fovea. FFA-WD OD-decreased scotopic ERG, EOG-1.6 |
8 months; OD-scotopic ERG -reduced amplitude; photopic ERG-WNL; OU-decreased dark adaptation |
| Augustin et al., 1995[34] | OS | 60 | Male | 2 months | 0.3 logMAR (20/40) | Target-like alterations at fovea FFA - parafoveal WD |
8 months, decreased night vision |
| Espaillat et al., 1999[16] | OD OS |
30 | Male | 1 week | 0.7 logMAR (20/100) 1.0 logMAR (20/200) |
OD- PVD, MH OS- PVD, MH, rhegmatogenous RD |
OS- underwent vitrectomy + FGE + sclera buckling Recurrence of RD at 1 month |
| Yi et al., 2001[31] | OD OS |
32 | Male | 10 days | HM 1.0 logMAR (20/200) |
OD-peripapillary retinal edema ERG OD-extinguished scotopic blue flicker, reduced scotopic white 30-Hz flicker OS-reduced photopic and scotopic ERG PVER-reduced amplitude in OS |
50 mg prednisolone/day for 4 days and multivitamins After 13 days OD-20/200, OS-20/100 |
| Lee et al., 2002[10] | OS | 14 | Male | 2-3 weeks | 0.46 logMAR (20/50) | Serous macular detachment | MH at 2 weeks Spontaneous closure of hole at 3 months, ERM |
| Lee et al., 2002[10] | OD OS |
13 | Male | 5 weeks | CF 0.48 logMAR (20/60) |
OD - PVD, cherry red spot due to CRAO OS - mild macular edema OU - reduced flow in CRA on orbital Doppler |
OD - MH at 12 weeks, underwent MH repair + IOL implantation OS- cataract surgery + IOL |
| Lin et al., 2002[35] | OS | 39 | Male | 2 days | 0.46 logMAR (20/50) | OS - missing FR, WD at fovea on FFA | 3 months - macular RPE mottling, decrease in ERG amplitude, decrease in EOG amplitude and Arden ratio Cataract surgery |
| Moon et al., 2005[36] | OD OS |
20 | Female | 1 month | 0.6 logMAR (20/80) 0.54 logMAR (20/70) |
OU - cysts at macula WD on FFA |
1 year - OU resolution of cysts, RPE pigmentary changes OU - cataract surgery |
| Rivas-Aguiño et al., 2006[37] | OD OS |
14 | Female | 2 months | 0.48 logMAR (20/60) 1.3 logMAR (20/400) |
OU - cystic changes at fovea on OCT | Observation. Follow up OCT- NA |
| Rao et al., 2009[4] | OD OS |
16 | Female | 0.6 logMAR (20/80) 0.18 logMAR (20/30) |
OU - MH, RPE hyperpigmentation in periphery FFA - OU macular WD |
NA | |
| Armstrong et al., 2010[15] | OS | 29 | Female | 3 days | 0.48 logMAR (20/60) | Dull FR, OCT - double U shaped inner foveal contour with elevation of IS-OS junction | 2 weeks-peripheral pigmentary changes, 3 weeks- loss of central PR, cysts, disruption of IS - OS junction, loss of RPE. 4 months - resolution of CME, loss of RPE, thinning of NSR |
| Stefaniotou et al., 2012[38] | OD | 60 | Male | 1 day | 0.48 logMAR (20/60) | OD - white fluffy lesion at posterior pole, OCT - PR thinning, RPE unevenness | 5 months - OCT - small parafoveal cysts, recovery of PR layer and RPE changes |
| Dhillon and Gupta, 2015[39] | OD | 77 | Female | 2 weeks | 0.46 logMAR (20/50) | Macular edema | Observation and NSAIDS. MH at 2 months-advised surgical intervention. |
| Liu et al., 2016[40] | OD | Early 20s | Female | 4 days | 0.46 logMAR (20/50) | OCT-subtle irregularity of the outer retinal layers, most notably nasal to fovea | 2 weeks-vision 20/100, OCT-intraretinal cystoid spaces, subfoveal EZ disruption; 7 weeks-decreased cystoid spaces, small subfoveal hyporeflective space and further loss of outer retinal layers in nasal macula; 4 months-subfoveal hyporeflective space in inner retina, restoration of outer retina |
| Rishi et al., 2016[41] | OS | 40 | Male | 10 months | 0.18 logMAR (20/30) | LMH on OCT, peripheral RPE alterations | Status quo after 1 year |
| Harris et al., 2019[42] | OD OS |
58 | Male | 4 decades | 0.09 logMAR(20/25) NPL |
OU-disc pallor, choroidal atrophy |
CF=Counting finger, CRA=Central retinal arteries, CRAO=Central retinal artery occlusion, CME=cystoid macular edema, EOG=Electro-oculogram, EZ=Ellipsoid zone, ERG=electroretinogram, FFA=Fundus fluorescein angiography, FR=Foveal reflex, FGE=Fluid-gas exchange, IOL=Intraocular lens, LMH=Lamellar macular hole, MH=Macular hole, NA=Not available, NSR=Neurosensory retina, NPL=No, NSAID=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, OS=Oculus sinister, OD=Oculus dextrus, OU=Oculus unitas, PL=Perception of light, PR=Photoreceptors, PVD=Posterior vitreous detachment, PVER=Pattern visual evoked response, RD=Retinal detachment, RPE=Retinal pigment epithelium, WD= Window defects, WNL=within normal limits