Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of the Patients at Admission
| Variable | Before propensity score matching |
After propensity score matching |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=165) | Early basal insulin group (n=86) | Delayed basal insulin group (n=79) | P value | Total (n=108) | Early basal insulin group (n=54) | Delayed basal insulin group (n=54) | P value | |||
| Age, yr | 60.4±19.9 | 59.3±21.0 | 61.6±18.6 | 0.464 | 59.9±20.0 | 58.8±20.3 | 60.9±19.9 | 0.596 | ||
| Female sex | 60 (36.4) | 29 (33.7) | 31 (39.2) | 0.464 | 38 (35.2) | 18 (33.3) | 20 (37) | 0.840 | ||
| Height, cm | 163.9±10.4 | 165.4±10.4 | 162.2±10.2 | 0.074 | 164.3±10.0 | 164.5±10.3 | 164.0±9.7 | 0.797 | ||
| Weight, kg | 63.4±19.8 | 65.7±23.0 | 60.8±15.3 | 0.326 | 63.7±19.8 | 64.0±23.3 | 63.4±15.7 | 0.886 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.5±5.3 | 24.0±5.8 | 23.0±4.6 | 0.417 | 23.6±5.3 | 23.8±5.8 | 23.5±4.8 | 0.820 | ||
| Previous DM treatment | 0.451 | 0.816 | ||||||||
| None | 62 (37.6) | 36 (41.9) | 26 (32.9) | 41 (38) | 21 (38.9) | 20 (37) | ||||
| Insulin | 39 (23.6) | 20 (23.3) | 19 (24.1) | 22 (20.4) | 12 (22.2) | 10 (18.5) | ||||
| OHA | 64 (38.8) | 30 (34.9) | 34 (43.0) | 45 (41.7) | 21 (38.9) | 24 (44.4) | ||||
| Metformin | 49 (31.6) | 22 (28.2) | 27 (35.1) | 0.456 | 32 (31.4) | 13 (26.5) | 19 (35.8) | 0.424 | ||
| Sulfonylurea | 36 (23.3) | 18 (23.1) | 18 (23.4) | 1.000 | 21 (20.6) | 10 (20.4) | 11 (20.8) | 1.000 | ||
| DPP4 inhibitor | 49 (31.6) | 21 (26.9) | 28 (36.4) | 0.275 | 30 (29.4) | 13 (26.5) | 17 (32.1) | 0.692 | ||
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 8 (5.2) | 5 (6.4) | 3 (3.9) | 0.731 | 6 (5.9) | 4 (8.2) | 2 (3.8) | 0.603 | ||
| Other OHA | 9 (5.8) | 5 (6.4) | 4 (5.2) | 1.000 | 6 (5.9) | 3 (6.1) | 3 (5.7) | 1.000 | ||
| Classification of DM | 0.198 | 0.875 | ||||||||
| Type 1 DM | 14 (8.5) | 9 (10.5) | 5 (6.3) | 9 (8.3) | 4 (7.4) | 5 (9.3) | ||||
| Type 2 DM | 138 (83.6) | 73 (84.9) | 65 (82.3) | 90 (83.3) | 46 (85.2) | 44 (81.5) | ||||
| Other specific type | 13 (7.9) | 4 (4.7) | 9 (11.4) | 9 (8.3) | 4 (7.4) | 5 (9.3) | ||||
| Duration of DM, yr | 8.4±9.9 | 8.6±10.1 | 8.3±9.7 | 0.872 | 8.3±9.9 | 9.5±10.5 | 7.1±9.3 | 0.231 | ||
| Noncompliance | 41 (24.8) | 24 (27.9) | 17 (21.5) | 0.442 | 25 (23.1) | 16 (29.6) | 9 (16.7) | 0.171 | ||
| Precipitating factor | 63 (38.2) | 30 (34.9) | 33 (41.8) | 0.454 | 40 (37) | 19 (35.2) | 21 (38.9) | 0.842 | ||
| Current steroid use | 26 (15.9) | 8 (9.3) | 18 (23.1) | 0.028a | 14 (13) | 7 (13) | 7 (13) | 1.000 | ||
| Classification of severe hyperglycemia | 0.151 | 0.912 | ||||||||
| DKA | 41 (24.8) | 20 (23.3) | 21 (26.6) | 33 (30.6) | 17 (31.5) | 16 (29.6) | ||||
| HHS | 32 (19.4) | 17 (19.8) | 15 (19.0) | 22 (20.4) | 11 (20.4) | 11 (20.4) | ||||
| HHS with ketoacidosis | 50 (30.3) | 32 (37.2) | 18 (22.8) | 28 (25.9) | 15 (27.8) | 13 (24.1) | ||||
| Non-DKA or HHS | 42 (25.5) | 17 (19.8) | 25 (31.6) | 25 (23.1) | 11 (20.4) | 14 (25.9) | ||||
| Admission to ICU | 17 (10.3) | 8 (9.3) | 9 (11.4) | 0.853 | 9 (8.3) | 4 (7.4) | 5 (9.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Initial laboratory values | ||||||||||
| pH | 7.28±0.16 | 7.27±0.16 | 7.30±0.15 | 0.263 | 7.28±0.15 | 7.27±0.15 | 7.29±0.16 | 0.415 | ||
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L | 17.9±8.5 | 17.1±8.4 | 18.7±8.6 | 0.255 | 17.93±8.89 | 17.2±8.6 | 18.7±9.22 | 0.407 | ||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 630.3±276.9 | 660.2±275.0 | 597.8±276.9 | 0.149 | 641.8±290.0 | 658.8±292.7 | 624.9±289.1 | 0.546 | ||
| BUN, mg/dL | 40.5±28.3 | 39.7±27.6 | 41.3±29.3 | 0.723 | 37.8±24.2 | 39.9±28.4 | 35.6±19.2 | 0.363 | ||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 2.1±1.6 | 1.9±1.1 | 2.2±1.9 | 0.223 | 2.0±1.3 | 2.1±1.3 | 1.9±1.3 | 0.434 | ||
| HbA1c, % | 11.0±2.7 | 11.3±2.5 | 10.6±2.9 | 0.091 | 10.9±2.8 | 11.1±2.3 | 10.8±3.2 | 0.543 | ||
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 96.6±29.6 | 100.3±27.2 | 92.4±31.8 | 0.070 | 96±30.2 | 97.8±25.1 | 94.2±34.8 | 0.435 | ||
| C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.2±2.6 | 2.1±2.9 | 2.3±2.3 | 0.586 | 2.2±2.7 | 2.1±2.9 | 2.2±2.5 | 0.890 | ||
| β-Hydroxybutyrate, mmol/L | 1.5±1.6 | 1.7±1.8 | 1.3±1.4 | 0.247 | 1.4±1.6 | 1.5±1.8 | 1.4±1.4 | 0.856 | ||
| Osmolality, mOsm/kg | 331.6±64.4 | 337.2±36.7 | 325.3±30.8 | 0.034a | 328.5±34.9 | 333.2±38.7 | 324.2±30.7 | 0.204 | ||
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; SGLT2, sodium/glucose cotransporter 2; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; HHS, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state; ICU, intensive care unit; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.
a
Values are statistically significant (P<0.05) by Fisher’s exact test or Mann-Whitney U test for categorical or continuous variables, respectively.