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. 2022 Jun 29;37(3):415–429. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2022.304

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Copyright © 2022 Korean Endocrine Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 1. — Cardiovascular outcome trials of anti-diabetic drugs according to the mean duration of the trial and relative risk reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events. The numbers in boxes are hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of major adverse cardiovascular events, defined as the composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke. PIONEER-6, Peptide Innovation for Early Diabetes Treatment 6; EXAMINE, Examination of Cardiovascular Outcomes with Alogliptin versus Standard of Care; CARMELINA, Cardiovascular and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study With Linagliptin; ELIXA, Evaluation of Lixisenatide in Acute Coronary Syndrome; SAVOR-TIMI 53, Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 53; EXSCEL, Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering Trial; TECOS, Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin; DECLARE-TIMI 58, Dapagliflozin Effect on CardiovascuLAR Events-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 58; VERTIS-CV, Evaluation of Ertugliflozin Efficacy and Safety Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial; RECORD, Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiac Outcomes and Regulation of Glycaemia in Diabetes; CAROLINA, Cardiovascular Outcome Study of Linagliptin vs. Glimepiride in Type 2 Diabetes; HARMONY, Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease; SUSTAIN-6, Trial to Evaluate Cardiovascular and Other Long-term Outcomes with Semaglutide in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes; EMPA-REG, Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients; PROactive, PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events; CANVAS, Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study; LEADER, Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results; REWIND, Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes; DPP-4, dipeptidylpeptidase-4; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1. ^aComparator is another anti-diabetic medication; ^bIncludes primary prevention population.