Table 2.

Effect of probiotics on immune response of poultry

Sr	Probiotic	Animal	Inclusion level	Duration	Immune response	Reference
1	L. plantarum strain IMAU10120	Broiler	2×106 cfu/mL	42 days	Induced the highest level of immunity response	[25]
2	A. oryzae, B. bifidum, B. thermophilus, C. pintolopessi, E. faecium, L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus	Broiler	2 gm/10 liters of drinking water	42 days	Significantly enhance the antibodies production and weight of immune organs	[30]
3	L. fermentum S. cerevisiae	Broiler	107 cfu/g 2×106 cfu/g	42 days	Significant increase in CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ levels	[31]
4	B. subtilis and E. faecium	Layer	1 to 2 g/kg of feed	10 weeks	Improve antibody levels against Newcastle disease virus	[33]
5	S. boulardii and B. subtilis B10	Broiler	108 cfu/kg of feed	72 days	Significant improvement in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, IgA+ cells in jejunum, intestinal cytokines IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β	[34]
6	B. subtilis C-3102	Broiler	0.1% of diet	42 days	Increase the ND, IB, and IBD titers levels	[35]
7	L. reuteri (DSM 16350), E. faecium (DSM 16211), B. animals (DSM 16284), P. acidilactici (DSM 16210) and L. salivarius (DSM 16351)	Broiler	108 cfu/kg diet	42 days	Induced an anti-inflammatory response at cecal level	[38]
8	Blend of 3 Bacillus substilis strains (BSS) and Propionibacterium acidipropionici (PA)	Broiler	7.5×104 cfu/g	21 days	PA downregulated ileal expression of TLR-2b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13, whereas BSS downregulated TLR-2b, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 in all 3 tissues	[58]
9	E. faecium	Layer	4×108 cfu/kg	48 days	Improvement in IgA production	[59]
10	L. acidophilus, B. bifidum and S. faecalis	Broiler	106 bacteria/chick on day of hatching	14 days	Enhanced systemic and local antibodies production	[60]
11	Lactobacillus spp.	Broiler	1 g/kg feed	35 days	Increase intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte expressing the surface markers CD3, CD4 and CD8	[61]
12	L. acidophilus, L. fermentum L. plantarum and E. faecium (A) L. jensenii, L. plantarum, L. fermentum and L. casei, (B)	Broiler	0.2 mL/chick, 109 cfu/mL	1 to 3 days of chick’s life	Group (A) decrease IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and improve IL-10 levels in the cecal tonsils compared with (B)	[71]

cfu, colony forming unit; CD, cluster of differentiation molecules; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; ND, Newcastle disease; IB, Infectious bronchitis; IBD, Infectious bursal disease ; IgA, immunoglobulin A; PA, Propionibacterium acidipropionici; TLR, toll like receptor; IFN, interferon.