Table 3.

Effect of probiotics on gut health and microbiota of poultry

Sr	Probiotic	Animal	Inclusion level	Duration	Gut health and microbiota	Reference
1	L. plantarum strain IMAU10120	Broiler	2×106 cfu/mL	42 days	Accelerated maturation of intestinal microbiota, and stimulated the growth of many intestinal Lactobacillus spp.	[25]
2	L. agilis JCM 1048 and L. salivarius subsp. salicinius JCM 1230	Broiler	107 cfu per gram of feed	40 days	Increase the population of beneficial microflora and maintain the natural balance of microbes in gut	[27]
3	S. boulardii and B. subtilis B10	Broiler	1×108 cfu/kg of feed	72 days	Significant improvement in intestinal villus height, width, and number of goblet cells	[34]
4	B. subtilis C-3102	Broiler	0.1% of diet	42 days	Decreased crypt depth and increased villus height with significant reduction in E. coli, coliform, and Salmonella populations of ceca	[35]
5	B. subtilis PB6 (ATCC-PTA 6737)	Broiler	5×1011 cfu/kg feed	35 days	Significant reduction in intestinal C. perfringens counts, improved villi length and villi length to crypt depth ratio	[36]
6	L. johnsonii, (No.709) L. crispatus (No.697) L. salivarius (No.461) and unidentified Lactobacillus spp.	Broiler		6 weeks	All probiotics tended to reduce the number of Entero-bacteria in the ileum	[37]
7	L. reuteri (DSM 16350), E. faecium (DSM 16211), B. animals (DSM 16284), P. acidilactici (DSM 16210) and L. salivarius (DSM 16351)	Broiler	108 cfu/kg diet	42 days	Significant improvement in total tract apparent digestibility of crude protein, fats and ileal digestibility of dry matter	[38]
8	Blend of 3 Bacillus substilis strains	Broiler	7.5×104 cfu/g	21 days	Both reduced the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter and crude protein	[58]
	P. acidipropionici (PA)
9	Lactobacillus spp.	Broiler	1 g/kg feed	35 days	Increased the birds’ resistance to Eimeria acervuline	[61]
	B. subtilis	Broiler	250, or 500 g/ton	21 days	Higher dose improves the defense response in the ileum	[70]
10	L. acidophilus, L. fermentum L. plantarum and E. faecium	Broiler	0.2 mL/chick, 109 cfu/mL	1–3 days of chick’s life	Salmonella counts recovered from the cecal tonsils, spleens were significantly reduced	[71]
11	Lactobacillus based probiotic culture (FM-B11)	Broiler	104, 106, and 108 cfu/chick	1 h after administration	Higher dose significantly reduced Salmonella Enteritidis population	[72]
12	A. oryzae, B. bifidum, L. casei, L. acidophilus, Torulopsis spp. and S. faecium	Broiler	100 mg/kg diet	35 days	Decrease the population of Campylobacter and Coliform in the gut	[73]
13	L. salivarius	Broiler	108 cfu 100 μL of phosphate-buffered saline	14 days	Lower the number of C. perfringens and S. enteritidis in the gut	[74]

cfu, colony forming unit.