Changes were defined by the differences in biomarker concentrations from Tc to Te. Effect sizes greater than 1.0 indicate a lesser relative decline (or greater relative increase) in biomarker concentrations between Tc (initiation of controlled viremia) and Te (entry in P1104s) when follow up sample was collected, on average, in the comparison group relative to the referent group. Separate multivariable models were fit for each biomarker. The following covariates were included in each model: sex, age, antiretroviral regimen and biomarker concentration at Tc; nadir CD4%, height WHO Z score and weight WHO Z score; peak plasma HIV RNA copies/ml; and duration of controlled viremia from Tc to Te. Dark boxes indicate associations with p<0.05.