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. 2022 Jul 7;12:9842. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13386-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Simulated and measured muscle activation. Electromyography (EMG) linear envelopes averaged across all participants (n = 10) with a 40 ms electromechanical delay are compared to simulated muscle activations for the baseline and retention trials. Despite magnitude differences between EMG and simulated activations of the gastrocnemius and soleus, the relative changes between trials are consistent, indicating that our EMG-informed static optimization technique captured the changes in ankle plantarflexor muscle activity measured with EMG. The activations of the muscles in the top row were not informed by EMG in the simulation. The shape, timing, and between-trial changes in simulated activation matched EMG for these muscles, with the exception of the rectus femoris.