Table 2.

Table for configurational analysis (uppercase letters signify a “high” coding on a factor; lowercase letters signify a “low” coding on a factor)

Cases	Compelling need (size of population at risk, serious medical problem, and inutility of existing technologies) [N,n]	Existing medical infrastructure development, funding, and organization [I,i]	Degree of political polarization as a source of pushback [P,p]	Strong marketing for one technology over another, including exaggerated claims of performance and risks [M,m]	Degree of vested reputational and financial investments in existing technology [V,v]	Level of acceptance [A,a]
Use of antibiotics in wartime to treat combat injuries	N	I	p	m	v	A
COVID-19 vaccine development and use to fight pandemic	N	I	P	m	v	a (bi-modal)
Rhogam (in the developed world) to combat Rh disease	N	I	p	m	v	A
Rhogam (in the developing world) to prevent Rh disease	N	I	p	m	v	a (slow)
Antenatal steroid therapy to prevent/reduce neonatal respiratory distress	N	I	p	m	v	a (delayed)
High MSAFP to screen for NTDs	N	I	p	m	v	A
Low MSAFP, multiple markers, and NT in Europe to screen for DS and other genetic abnormalities	N	I	p	m	v	A (rapid)
Low MSAFP, multiple markers, and NT in USA to screen for DS and other genetic abnormalities	N	I	p	m	v	A low (delayed)
NIPT for trisomy 21 and some other genetic abnormalities	N	I	p	M	v	A (rapid)
Microarray technology as a diagnostic test for abnormal copy number variants	N	I	p	M	v	a (bimodal)
Traditional electronic fetal monitoring to improve identification of risk for stillbirths and CP	N	I	p	m	v	A
New approaches to EFM	N	I	p	M	V	Too early to evaluate