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. 2022 Jul 7;13:3914. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31705-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A The schematic shows the typical design of a biohybrid mechanoluminescent device. Under different external mechanical stimuli (e.g., stretching, twisting, bending, compression, impact, and others), the deformation of the soft device induces the flow of internal fluid and thus activates the bioluminescence. B The biohybrid device is highly transparent and can be stretched, twisted, or bent without failure. Scale bar, 1 cm. C Bioluminescence of the biohybrid device under stretched and compressed states. Images are long time exposures (specified in Methods). Scale bar, 1 cm. D Side view of bioluminescence within the biohybrid device during its free vibration with the left end being fixed. Elapsed times are given in each frame. Scale bar, 1 cm. E Top view of bioluminescence due to free vibration when the elastomer matrix is mixed with dyes of certain colors, generating light of different colors. Scale bar, 1 cm.