TABLE 3.
Current examples of 2PA in vivo experiments performed using NIR-II absorbing fluorophores.
| λ2PA (nm) | Imaging System | Laser used | λem (nm) | Contrast media | Depth (µm) | Animal model | Biological media imaged | Administration Method | Toxic. Test in vivo (Y/N) | Year | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1550 | Home-built system | PolarOnyx Mercury Fibre laser | 800 | DTTC dye (30) | 180 | Mouse | Resected kidney vasculature | Intravenous injection | N | 2011 | Berezin et al. (2011) |
| 1200 | Commercial Leica TCS SP8 MP | Laser with OPO | 630 | Squaraine 45 | 40 | Mouse | Ear vasculature | Ear blood vessel injection | N | 2019 | Yi et al. (2019) |
| 1057 | Home-built with BioRad MRC 600 confocal microscope | Nd:YLF solid state laser | ∼590 | FM4-64 dye (48) | 45 | Zebrafish embryo | Body | Pre-stained | N | 1996 | Wokosin et al. (1996a) |
| 1040 | Home built with Olympus, BX61 FV1200 microscope | Yb-doped photonic crystal fibre laser | ∼700 | Triphenylamine dipole 59 encapsulated in PSMA NPs | 1200 | Mouse | Ear vasculature Brain vasculature Resected tumour vasculature | Tail vein injection | Y | 2017 | Alifu et al. (2017) |
| 1100 | Commercial Olympus FVMPE-RS | InSight® DS with OPO | 740 | PDT-imaging agent 60 | 210 | Mouse | Resected tumour vasculature | Intravenous injection | Y | 2021 | Zhou et al. (2021) |
| 1200 | Commercial Olympus FVMPE-RS | InSight® DS with OPO | ∼700 | BTZ SNPs (64) | 1010 | Mouse | Brain vasculature | Rectoorbital injection | N | 2019 | Wang et al. (2019b) |
| 1300 | 1. Home built with Olympus, BX61W1- FV1200 microscope 2. Home-Built system | 1. PHAROS-10W with OPA 2. Laser from an OPA | 810 | AIEDots of BTZ dye 70 (∼35 nm) | 1065 | Mouse | Ear vasculature Brain vasculature | Tail vein injection | Y | 2018 | Qi et al. (2018) |
| 1040 | Home built with Olympus, BX61 FV1200 microscope | Mira HP and Mira OPA | 790 | AIEDots of BTZ dye 70 | 750 | Mouse | Brain vasculature | Tail vein injection | N | 2021 | Liu et al. (2021) |
| 1200 | Commercial Olympus FVMPE-RS | InSight® DS with OPO | ∼700 | AIEDots of BTZ dye 71 | 800 | Mouse | Brain/Ear tumour vasculature | Rectoorbital injection | Y | 2019 | Wang et al. (2019c) |
| 1040 | Nikon A1 Confocal Microscope | Laser with OPO | ∼650 | AIEDots of triphenylamine dye 72 | 800 | Mouse | Brain vasculature | Retro orbital injection | Y | 2021 | Samanta et al. (2021) |
| 1040 | Home built with Olympus, BX61W1-FV1000 | Yb-doped photonic crystal fibre laser | ∼620 | AIEDots of BODIPY dye 75 | 700 | Mouse | Brain vasculature | Intravenous injection | Y | 2015 | Wang et al. (2015) |
| 1100 | Commercial Leica SP8 DIVE | Laser with OPO | 615 | Carbon quantum dots 79 | 500 | 1. Zebrafish larvae 2. Mouse |
1. Zebrafish Body (2PA) 2. Mouse (1PA) |
1. Dots added to media 2. Intravenous injection |
1. N 2. Y | 2020 | Liu et al. (2020) |
| 1550 | Home built with Olympus, BX61 FV1200 microscope | FLCPA-01C Calmar fibre laser | 1270 | PbS/CdS quantum dots 84 | 220 | Brain vasculature | Intravenous injection | N | 2022 | Ni et al. (2022) | |
| 1070 | Home built system | Ti:Sapphire laser with OPO | ∼580 | Red Fluorescent Protein (tdTomato 86) | 300–500 | Mouse | Brain neurons | Gene Expression (Six3 gene) | N | 2013 | Yang et al. (2013) |