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. 2022 Jun 24;9:892459. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.892459

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Copyright © 2022 Xu and Dang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cryo-specimen in single-particle cryo-EM. (A) Cryo-EM grid usually has a metal support mesh and a holey carbon film to carry the sample solution. The particles are frozen in vitreous ice in the holes for image acquisition (B–G) Different states of particles in vitreous ice, including ideal situation (B), preferred orientation (C), denaturation (D), disassembly (E), adsorption on carbon film (F), and aggregation (G). Subunits in the protein complex are shown in yellow, orange, and lemon, respectively.