Table 2.

Risk for AKI in adult participants from the ARIC study for those consuming any amount of coffee versus never consuming coffee

Outcome	Coffee consumption categories		P value
	Never (n = 3792)	Any (n = 10,415)
AKI events (n)	478	1 216
Incidence (per 1000 person-yr)	6.0 (5.5–6.6)	5.5 (5.2–5.8)
Model 1	1 (reference)	0.91 (0.82–1.01)	0.07
Model 2	1 (reference)	0.85 (0.76–0.94)	0.002
Model 3	1 (reference)	0.89 (0.80–0.99)	0.03

AKI, acute kidney injury; ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.

Model 1: Unadjusted (no covariates).

Model 2: Variables include age, sex, race-center, education, total energy intake, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake status, and DASH diet score.

Model 3: All model 2 variables plus systolic blood pressure, diabetes status, use of antihypertensive medications, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and body mass index.

Data presented as hazard ratio (95% CI) unless otherwise noted.