Table 3.

Risk for AKI in adult participants from the ARIC study according to average daily coffee consumption

Outcome	Coffee consumption categories					P value for trend
	Never (n = 3792)	<1 cup/d (n = 1948)	1 cup/d (n = 2710)	2–3 cups/d (n = 3323)	>3 cups/d (n = 2434)
AKI events (n)	478	237	362	363	254
Incidence (per 1000 person-yr)	6.0 (5.5–6.6)	5.7 (5.0–6.4)	6.4 (5.8–7.1)	5.1 (4.6–5.6)	5.0 (4.4–5.6)
Model 1	1 (reference)	0.92 (0.79–1.08)	1.08 (0.94–1.24)	0.83 (0.72–0.95)	0.83 (0.71–0.96)	0.003
Model 2	1 (reference)	0.91 (0.77–1.06)	0.93 (0.81–1.06)	0.77 (0.67–0.89)	0.78 (0.67–0.89)	<0.001
Model 3	1 (reference)	0.91 (0.79–1.08)	0.94 (0.82–1.07)	0.83 (0.72–0.95)	0.88 (0.75–1.04)	0.02

AKI, acute kidney injury; ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.

Model 1: Unadjusted (no covariates).

Model 2: Variables included age, sex, race-center, education, total energy intake, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake status, and DASH diet score.

Model 3: All Model 2 variables plus systolic blood pressure, diabetes status, use of antihypertensive medications, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and body mass index.

Data presented as hazard ratio (95% CI) unless otherwise noted.