TABLE 1.
Reagents and mechanisms of ferroptosis in lung diseases.
| Disease | Reagent | Proposed mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| COPD | Deferoxamine | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Ghio et al. (2008a); Yoshida et al. (2019); Tang et al. (2021a) |
| Ferrostatin-1 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Yoshida et al. (2019); Tang et al. (2021a); Lian et al. (2021) | |
| NAC | Recover intracellular cysteine | ||
| Curcumin | Activate GPX4; Upregulate SLC7A11 | Tang et al. (2021a) | |
| Dihydroquercetin | Regulate NRF2 | Liu et al. (2022a) | |
| Asthma | Deferoxamine | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Wenzel et al. (2017) |
| Ferrostatin-1 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Wenzel et al. (2017); Yang and Shang, (2022) | |
| 3-methyladenine | Upregulate system Xc-; Activate GPX4 | Yang and Shang, (2022) | |
| Acupuncture | Downregulate SLC3A2 and ATP1A3 | Tang et al. (2021c) | |
| Erastin | Block cysteine import, inducing GSH depletion and GPX4 inactivation | Wu et al. (2020) | |
| RSL3 | Covalently inhibit GPX4, causing accumulation of lipid peroxidation | Wu et al. (2020) | |
| Artesunate | Activate ferritinophage to increases iron abundance | Wu et al. (2020) | |
| Cystic fibrosis | Deferoxamine | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Maniam et al. (2021) |
| Ferrostatin-1 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Maniam et al. (2021) | |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | Deferoxamine | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | (Cheng et al., 2021; Takahashi et al., 2021) |
| Liproxstatin-1 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | He et al. (2021) | |
| Phytic acid | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | ||
| Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury | Liproxstatin-1 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Xu et al. (2020) |
| Rosiglitazone | Inhibition of ACSL4 | Xu et al. (2020) | |
| Irisin | Regulate Nrf2/HO-1 axis; activates GPX4; inhibition of ACSL4 | Wang et al. (2022a) | |
| Lidocaine | Regulate the p38/MAPK; increase FTH1 and GPX4; decrease Tf | Ma et al. (2022) | |
| Deferoxamine | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Lui et al. (2013) | |
| Pirfenidone | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Liu et al. (2005) | |
| Pulmonary hypertension | Ferrostatin-1 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Xie et al. (2022) |
| Deferoxamine | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Jasenosky et al. (2015) | |
| Infection: P. aeruginosa | Ferrostatin-1 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Ousingsawat et al. (2021) |
| Baicalein | Suppress peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids | Dar et al. (2022) | |
| CoQ10 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Ousingsawat et al. (2021) | |
| Idebenone | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Ousingsawat et al. (2021) | |
| Pulmonary tuberculosis | Ferrostatin-1 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Amaral et al. (2019) |
| Glutathione | Recover intracellular cysteine | Pan et al. (2020) | |
| Vitamin E | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Seyedrezazadeh et al. (2008) | |
| Infection: Gram-negative bacteria | Liproxstatin-1 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Klobucar et al. (2021) |
| COVID-19 | Vitamin C | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Chavarría et al. (2021) |
| Vitamin E | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Chavarría et al. (2021) | |
| NAC | Recover intracellular cysteine | Jaiswal et al. (2020); Chavarría et al. (2021) | |
| Melatonin | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Chavarría et al. (2021) | |
| Deferoxamine | Chelate iron; inhibit viral replication; immunomodulation; downregulate hepcidin I | Dalamaga et al. (2020) | |
| Deferiprone | Chelate iron; inhibit viral replication; immunomodulation | Dalamaga et al. (2020) | |
| Deferasirox | Chelate iron; inhibit viral replication; immunomodulation | Dalamaga et al. (2020) | |
| Lactoferrin | Bind iron and inhibit viral replication | Carota et al. (2021) | |
| Methemoglobin reductase | Chelate iron and | Muhoberac, (2020) | |
| Glutathione | Recover intracellular cysteine | Silvagno et al. (2020) | |
| Infection:Zygomycetes | Melatonin | Chelate iron; inhibit microbial activity | Sen, (2021) |
| Deferoxamine | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Kontoghiorghes et al. (2010); Álvarez et al. (2013) | |
| Deferiprone | Chelate iron; inhibit microbial activity with better tissue penetration capacity | Kontoghiorghes et al. (2010); Álvarez et al. (2013) | |
| Deferirox | Chelate iron; inhibit microbial activity | Kontoghiorghes et al. (2010); Álvarez et al. (2013) | |
| Infection: A. Fumigatus | Deferoxamine | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Hsu et al. (2018) |
| Deferiprone | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Hsu et al. (2018) | |
| Deferirox | Chelate iron and block iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Hsu et al. (2018) | |
| Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome | iASPP | Regulate p53 and NRF2 | Li et al. (2020a) |
| Ferrostatin-1 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Liu et al. (2020) | |
| Liproxstatin-1 | Inhibit lipid peroxidation | Li et al. (2020a) | |
| Panaxadiol | Regulate KEAP1/NRF2/HO-1 axis; activates GSH and GPX4 | Li et al. (2021b) | |
| 4-octyl itaconate | Regulate NRF2/HO-1 axis; activates GSH and GPX4 | He et al. (2022b) | |
| Obacunone | Regulate NRF2/HO-1 axis; activates GSH and GPX4 | Li et al. (2022) | |
| Puerarin | Activate SLC7A11, GPX4, and FTH1; inhibit NOX1 to reduce lipid ROS generation | Xu et al. (2021a) | |
| Acupuncture | Activate SLC7A11, GPX4, and FTH1 | Zhang et al. (2022) | |
| Lung cancer/metastasis | Erastin | Block cysteine import, inducing GSH depletion and GPX4 inactivation | Huang et al. (2018); Pan et al. (2019) |
| RSL3 | Covalently inhibit GPX4, causing accumulation of lipid peroxidation | Zhang et al. (2020b); Liu et al. (2021b) | |
| Cisplatin | Block cysteine import, inducing GSH depletion and GPX4 inactivation | Guo et al. (2018) | |
| PRLX93936 | Regulate NRF2/HO-1 axis; GSH depletion and GPX4 inactivation | Liang et al. (2021) | |
| Imidazole ketone erastin | Block cysteine import, inducing GSH depletion and GPX4 inactivation | Ye et al. (2020) | |
| Sorafenib | Block cysteine import, inducing GSH depletion and GPX4 inactivation | Li et al. (2020b) | |
| Levobupivacaine | Increases iron abundance and mediate iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Meng et al. (2021) | |
| BEBT-908 | Regulate p53 and STAT1 | Fan et al. (2021) | |
| iFSP1 | Inhibit FSP1–CoQ10–NAD(P)H system | Doll et al. (2019) | |
| Erianin | Induce GSH depletion and mediate iron-dependent lipid peroxidation | Chen et al. (2020b) | |
| Sanguinarine | Inhibit GSH and GPX4 | Xu et al. (2022) | |
| Dihydroisotanshinone I | Inhibit GSH and GPX4 | Wu et al. (2021) |