TABLE 2.
Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of all-cause mortality by hearing status.
| Model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
|
|
|||||
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |||||
| Hearing impairment | |||||
| No | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 2.29 (2.16, 2.42) | 1.28 (1.20, 1.36) | 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) | 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.14) |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | – | – | – | – | – |
| Male | 1.42 (1.33, 1.52) | 1.43 (1.33, 1.54) | 1.43 (1.33, 1.54) | 1.46 (1.35, 1.57) | |
| Age | – | 1.07 (1.07, 1.08) | 1.05 (1.05, 1.06) | 1.05 (1.05, 1.06) | 1.05 (1.05, 1.06) |
| Education attainment | |||||
| Primary school or higher | – | – | – | – | – |
| None | 1.14 (1.06, 1.22) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | |
| Residence | |||||
| Rural | – | – | – | – | – |
| Urban | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Currently married and living with spouse | – | – | – | – | – |
| Othersa | 1.25 (1.16, 1.35) | 1.19 (1.10, 1.28) | 1.19 (1.10, 1.29) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | |
| Smoke status | |||||
| Never | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ever | 1.11 (1.03,1.19) | 1.10 (1.03,1.19) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) | ||
| Drink status | |||||
| Never | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ever | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | ||
| Regular leisure activities | |||||
| Yes | – | – | – | – | – |
| No | 1.78 (1.66, 1.90) | 1.77 (1.65, 1.90) | 1.65 (1.54, 1.77) | ||
| ADL | |||||
| Don’t need help | – | – | – | – | – |
| Need help | 1.71 (1.61, 1.82) | 1.71 (1.60, 1.82) | 1.60 (1.50, 1.70) | ||
| Self-reported hypertension | |||||
| Without | – | – | – | – | – |
| With | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | |||
| Self-reported diabetes | |||||
| Without | – | – | – | – | – |
| With | 1.34 (1.17, 1.54) | 1.33 (1.16, 1.53) | |||
| Cognitive function | |||||
| Not impaired | – | – | – | – | – |
| Impaired | 1.47 (1.38, 1.58) | ||||
CI, confidence interval; ADL, activities of daily living.
Model 1: No variables adjusted.
Model 2: Additionally adjusted for gender, age, education attainment, residence, and marital status based on model 1.
Model 3: Additionally adjusted for smoking status, drinking status, regular leisure activities, and ADL based on model 2.
Model 4: Additionally adjusted for two kinds of diseases (hypertension and diabetes) based on model 3.
Model 5: Additionally adjusted for cognitive function based on model 4.
a‘Others’ include widowed, separated, divorced and never married.