Table 3.
Studies of various COVID-19 pandemic effects on children and adolescents
| Study | Country | Study design | Age of participants | Major findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marques de Miranda et al., 2020 [3] | China, United states, Europe, South America | Nonsystematic review | 6–21 Years | Depression↑ |
| Anxiety↑ | ||||
| PTSD symptom↑ | ||||
| Meherali et al., 2021 [4] | West Africa, Australia, United States, Canada, Italy, China, India | Systematic review | 5–19 Years | Depression↑ |
| Anxiety↑ | ||||
| Frasquilho et al., 2020 [6] | China | Cross-sectional online questionnaire survey | 7–18 Years | Depression↑(smartphone/internet addiction is associated with depressive symptoms) |
| Anxiety↑ | ||||
| Xiang et al., 2020 [7] | China | Natural experimental longitudinal study | 6–17 Years | Physical activity↓ |
| Sedentary behavior ↑ | ||||
| Screen time↑ | ||||
| Park et al., 2022 [8] | South Korea | Cross-sectional online questionnaire survey | Parents with at least one child aged between 1– 12 years | Average time spent on childcare ↑ |
| Parental stress ↑ | ||||
| Children’s stress ↑ | ||||
| Child’s screen time↑ | ||||
| Berchtold et al., 2018 [9] | Switzerland | Retrospective study | 13–15 Years | Justification for setting a limit to 2 hours of screen time per day. |
| Bignardi et al., 2020 [11] | United Kingdom | Longitudinal study | 7.6–11.6 Years | Depression↑ |
| Cao et al., 2022 [26] | China | Cross-sectional online questionnaire survey | 11–20 Years | Rate of anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms was 7.1%, 12.8% and 16.9%. |
| Adverse family relationship, lack of social support - most important predictor for mental health outcome. | ||||
| Liu et al., 2020 [31] | China | Cross-sectional study | Primary school student: 11–12 years | Incidence of somatization in primary school student is 2.39% (lower than college student). |
| College student: 19–23 years | Threat of life and health is significant risk factor for somatization. | |||
| Shangguan et al., 2021 [35] | China | Cross-sectional online questionnaire survey | Average age: 30.56± 10.78 | Resilience↓→somatization↑ |
| Perceived stress is mediator in the context of sex difference. | ||||
| Brown et al., 2020 [42] | Western United States | Cross-sectional online questionnaire survey | Parents with a child under the age of 18 years | Parental perceived stress↑→ child abuse potential ↑ |
| Rothon et al., 2010 [46] | United Kingdom | Prospective cohort study | 11–14 Years | Physical activity↑→ Depressive symptoms↓ |
| Kang et al., 2021 [48] | South Korea | retrospective cohort study | 4–14 Years | Childhood obesity↑ |
| Vitamin D deficiency↑ |
PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.