Figure 1.

Long-term exposure to foods and feed contaminated by low doses of mycotoxins; the chronic oxidative damage vs. hemostasis. Coexposure to the mixture of mycotoxins, especially at nanomolar doses below the allowable levels (40), induces a chronic condition of oxidative disturbance in the cells. There would not be the context of redox balance regarding a continuous production of free radicals and loss of antioxidants defense system. Then, significant damage to macromolecules (DNA, protein, and lipid), organelles (mitochondria, ER, and ribosome), and metabolism network in the cell may orchestrate several pathophysiological conditions, including cardiovascular damages.