Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Jun 24;9:915681. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.915681

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2022 Malvandi, Shahba, Mehrzad and Lombardi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Systemic effects of mycotoxins leading to bone fragility and arterial dysfunction. There has been a meaningful connection between oxidative status and atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Now, mycotoxins are assumed to be an important environmental factor disrupting and or modulating oxidative and immune mechanisms in the blood vessels. Endothelial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and foam cell formation are three main characteristics of vascular inflammation: inflammatory responses and immune cell reinforcement. Mycotoxins can restore this vicious circle that may explain the high risk of stroke, heart attack, and PAD. CALM, Calmodulin 1–6, CAMK, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, PDE1, phosphodiesterases, IP3 3K, inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinases, NOS, nitric oxide synthase.