Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics.
| Variable | COVID+ (N = 148) | COVID− (N = 436) | Overall (N = 584) | P value∗ | n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (y) | 79.64 (67.7-87.0) | 74.7 (55.8-85.4) | 76.83 (58.6-86.3) | <0.001 | 584 |
| ISS | 4.0 (1.0-9.0) | 5.0 (4.0-10.0) | 5.0 (2.0-9.0) | <0.001 | 501 |
| Female gender | 74 (50.0%) | 232 (53.2%) | 306 (52.4%) | 0.499 | 584 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.697 | 584 | |||
| White | 101 (68.2%) | 277 (63.5%) | 378 (64.7%) | ||
| Black | 11 (7.4%) | 37 (8.5%) | 48 (8.2%) | ||
| Hispanic | 17 (11.5%) | 51 (11.7%) | 68 (11.6%) | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 9 (6.1%) | 25 (5.7%) | 34 (5.8%) | ||
| Other/Unknown | 10 (6.8%) | 46 (10.6%) | 56 (9.6%) | ||
| Current/former smoker | 53 (42.4%) | 156 (43.7%) | 209 (43.4%) | 0.801 | 482 |
| Current/former vaping | 7 (6.0%) | 19 (5.5%) | 26 (5.6%) | 0.847 | 462 |
| Urban versus suburban hospital | 75 (50.7%) | 160 (36.7%) | 235 (40.2%) | 0.003 | 584 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Alcohol use | 16 (10.9%) | 64 (14.7%) | 80 (13.7%) | 0.248 | 583 |
| Obese | 65 (44.2%) | 106 (24.3%) | 171 (29.3%) | <0.001 | 583 |
| HTN with complication | 72 (49.0%) | 119 (27.3%) | 191 (32.8%) | <0.001 | 583 |
| DM with complication | 42 (28.6%) | 70 (16.1%) | 112 (19.2%) | <0.001 | 583 |
| CHF | 52 (35.4%) | 92 (21.1%) | 144 (24.7%) | <0.001 | 583 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 49 (33.3%) | 94 (21.6%) | 143 (24.5%) | 0.004 | 583 |
| Renal failure | 57 (38.8%) | 97 (22.2%) | 154 (26.4%) | <0.001 | 583 |
| Liver disease | 19 (12.9%) | 44 (10.1%) | 63 (10.8%) | 0.339 | 583 |
| Blood loss anemia | 10 (6.8%) | 13 (3.0%) | 23 (3.9%) | 0.04 | 583 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 81 (55.1%) | 164 (37.6%) | 245 (42.0%) | <0.001 | 583 |
| Coagulopathy | 44 (29.9%) | 64 (14.7%) | 108 (18.5%) | <0.001 | 583 |
| Deficiency anemia | 38 (25.9%) | 42 (9.6%) | 80 (13.7%) | <0.001 | 583 |
| Drug abuse | 8 (5.4%) | 28 (6.4%) | 36 (6.2%) | 0.67 | 583 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 122 (83.0%) | 216 (49.5%) | 338 (58.0%) | <0.001 | 583 |
| Other neurological disorders | 55 (37.4%) | 105 (24.1%) | 160 (27.4%) | 0.002 | 583 |
| Paralysis | 6 (4.1%) | 28 (6.4%) | 34 (5.8%) | 0.295 | 583 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 31 (21.1%) | 50 (11.5%) | 81 (13.9%) | 0.004 | 583 |
| Psychoses | 10 (6.8%) | 10 (2.3%) | 20 (3.4%) | 0.009 | 583 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 41 (27.9%) | 77 (17.7%) | 118 (20.2%) | 0.008 | 583 |
| Valvular disease | 33 (22.4%) | 92 (21.1%) | 125 (21.4%) | 0.731 | 583 |
| Weighted Elixhauser score (AHRQ) | 20.00 (10.0-31.0) | 10.0 (0.0-22.0) | 12.0 (1.0-25.0) | <0.001 | 583 |
| Biomarkers† | |||||
| D-dimer (ng/mL DDU) | 575 (352-1668) | 632 (264-1840) | 620 (299-1767) | 0.770 | 149 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 291 (130-648) | 212 (96-382) | 269 (115-512) | 0.068 | 173 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 66 (17-107) | 25 (9-84) | 54 (11-104) | 0.028 | 166 |
| LDH (U/L) | 259 (212-359) | 248 (205-308) | 252 (207-230) | 0.146 | 261 |
CHF = congestive heart failure; CRP = C-reactive protein; DM = diabetes mellitus; HTN = hypertension; ISS = Injury Severity Score; LDH = lactated dehydrogenase.
∗
P values are from Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables.
†
Presented values are area under the curve computed using all available measurements for each patient.